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AP Psychology Midterm Review
AP Psychology Midterm Review
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Review of Units 1-6, 11, & 14 from Myers Psychology Textbook.
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1
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ in that
Classical conditioning deals with voluntary behavior
Operant conditioning does not work in most situations
classical conditioning deals with reflexive behavior
Operant conditioning deals with reflexive behavior
2
If a rat is provided with reinforcement after every 10 bars presses, the schedule is called a
variable interval
fixed interval
fixed ratio
fixed ordinal
3
Psychologists describe shared goals that override difference among people as
deindividuated
altruistic
implicit
superordinate
4
Ann had a headache and was given a sugar pill and was told it was Advil. This is an example of
the placebo effect
hindsight bias
overconfidence
hypothesis
5
Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning?
Fish swimming to the top of a tank when the light goes on
Pigeons learning to turn in circles for rewards
A rat learning to press a bar to get food
Dogs jumping over a hurdle to avoid electric shocks
6
Hearing someone read a neutral text in a sad voice creates "mood contagion," which illustrates
ingroup bias
the mere exposure effect
the bystander effect
the chameleon effect
7
Which of the following explains reversed-color afterimages?
Hering's opponent-process theory
Feature detectors
parallel processing
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
8
The tendency for stimuli like a conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response is a
response bias
generalization
extinction
priming
9
Assessing the relative effects of nature and nurture on personality differences would interest
behavior geneticists
evolutionary psychologists
Freudian psychologists
humanistic psychologists
10
In Milgram's obedience experiments, teachers were likely to deliver high levels of shock when
they saw that other "learners" disobeyed the experimenter
they were introduced to the "learner" before the experiment
the experimenter was seen as an ordinary college student
the "learner" was in a different room from the "teacher"
11
According to Albert Bandura, observational learning can occur even in the absence of
observed consequences of behavior
ability to reproduce the behavior
retention of the observed behavior over time
direct attention to the behavior
12
Depending on environmental conditions, specific genes can be either
active or inactive
chromosomes or genomes
nature or nuture
identical or fraternal
13
Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks used the tokens to buy grapes. The tokens were
secondary reinforcers
negative reinforcers
primary reinforcers
unconditioned reinforcers
14
Thinking she had aced the exam, Glenda was surprised to receive an average grade, exemplifying
placebo effect
illusory correlation
overconfidence
hindsight bias
15
Women are attracted to healthy-looking men, but especially those who seem to be
mature
insecure
submissive
outgoing
16
Which of the following is the best example of sensory interaction?
All of these are examples
Despite its good smell, weird-looking meals taste bad
The cold pool water doesn't feel cold after a while
Food tastes bland when you have a bad cold
17
Adam feels anxious causing him to continuously miss work. He should contact a ____ psychologist
psychiatrist
personality
developmental
clinical
18
Dr. Brennan suggested that white men are attracted to white women. This is an example of
the placebo effect
a hypothesis
an operational definition
the hindsight bias
19
Light's__is the distance from one wave peak to the next. The dimension determines the __we see.
hut; intensity
hue; wavelength
wavelength; hue
wavelength; intensity
20
T or F: the normative social influence results from a persons' desire to gain approval
F; improved performance on simple tasks in front of people
True
21
A short stature is probably influenced by the lack of growth hormone produced by the
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
adrenal gland
pancreas
22
Which of the following is produced by perceptual set?
moving an arm quickly so that a mosquito flies away
Not noticing music change in a restaurant
noticing a difference in weight of your friend
Surprise at hearing a cowboy speak with a British accent
23
T or F: Random sampling is all those in the experimental group from which samples can be drawn.
True
F; a sampling process producing an unrepresentative sample
F; a sample that fairly represents a population
24
The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as
structuralism
functionalism
humanism
natural selection
25
An example of positive punishment
removing chores
spanking
time out
taking away privileges
26
Tara believing that Sam shouldn't get into college because she cheats on tests is an example of
the just world phenomenon
the other race effect
the normative social influence
the scapegoat theorgy
27
All of the following directly relate to the "older brain structures"
except
frontal cortex
emotional control center
basic brain functioning
"little brain"
28
What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common?
They distort perceptions and evoke sensations
They slow bodily functions and calm neural activity
They depress neural functioning and reduce pain
They excite neural activity and arouse body functions
29
Which of the following is considered a primary reinforcer?
Receiving $20 for every A on a report card
Inventing a new product
Drinking a class of water
Receiving praise for a job well done
30
Sensing the position and movement of individual body parts is an example of which sense?
Taste
Smell
Kinesthetic
Touch
31
Ian has begun to bully his sister. If this behavior continues, it is likely Ian will
experience substantial loss of self-esteem
experience a sense of deindividuation
experience intense guilt later in life
develop an increasing dislike for his brother
32
The longest part of a motor neuron is likely to be the
synapse
axon
dendrite
cell body
33
Which of the following is closely associated with hairlike receptors in the semicircular canal?
Body position
Pain
Smell
Touch
34
An example of positive correlation is
bleeding from a cut and starting your menstrual cycle
gaining more money with more education
getting a bad grade after studying for a long time
losing weight while eating
35
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that predicts behaviors and events is a
case study
hypothesis
theory
survey
36
Morphine and heroine are
amphetamines
opiates
hallucinogens
stimulants
37
Psychoactive drugs interfere with neural transmission. Where does the interference take place?
cell body
myelin sheath
synapse
axon
38
When we see certain outcomes as obvious based on what has occurred, we may experience
empiricism
overconfidence
critical thinking
hindsight bias
39
The person responsible for developing the framework of classical conditioning was
Watson
Skinner
Bandura
Pavlov
40
Which of the following tasks would the presence of others likely lead to improved performance
counting backward from 10 to 1
learning nonsense syllables
reciting the months of the year in alphabetical order
solving a crossword puzzle
41
Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest.
DNA, chromosomes, genes
genes, chromosomes, DNA
DNA, genes, chromosomes
Chromosomes, genes, DNA
42
We are most likely to ___ the diversity among members of an ___
overestimate; ingroup
overestimate; outgroup
underestimate; outgroup
underestimate; ingroup
43
Functionalism was the school of psychology that focused attention on the
inward immediate sensations, feelings, and impulses
disruptive effects of unconscious motives
adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
component elements of sensory experience
44
Dr. Ali conducts basic research on the impact of racism on behavior. She is most likely a(n)
social psychologist
biological psychologist
developmental psychologist
clinical psychologist
45
What hearing loss is due to damage to the mechanism that transmits sound waves to the cochlea?
induction
sensorineural
conduction
deafness
46
Teaching a patient to regain the use of an impaired limb by limiting use of the good limb is
cognitive neuroscience
functioning magnetic resonance imaging
phrenology
constraint-induced therapy
47
An antidepressant that stops the sending neuron accepting in excess serotonin stops
all-or-none response
refractory period
reuptake procces
depolarization
48
To examine assumptions, discern hidden values, and evaluate evidence is to engage in
generating hypotheses
experimentation
critical thinking
naturalistic observation
49
An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is called
social facilitation
companionate love
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the mere exposure effect
50
The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture suggests that it is
an unlearned instinct
a result of group polarization
a reaction to frustration
influenced by social norms
51
A short stature is probably influenced by the lack of growth hormone produced by the
pituitary gland
adrenal gland
hypothalamus
pancreas
52
The process in which rods and cones change electromagnetic energy to neural messages is called
Parallel processing
Transduction
Adaptation
Perceptual setting
53
The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that
dreams are triggered by random bursts of neural activity
as people grow older they spend more time dreaming
dreams help to solidify our memories of daytime experiences
humans, like most other animals, need REM sleep
54
To trigger a persons hand to make a fist, Jose Delgado stimulated the individual's
sensory cortex
limbic system
hypothalamus
motor cortex
55
Which of the following is the most accurate about a typical night's sleep?
Everyone needs 8 hours of sleep per night
During REM sleep the brain waves reveal deep relaxation
The sleep cycle repeats itself every 60 minutes
Most of a night's sleep is spent in REM
56
Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ___ drugs
hyponagogic
dissociative
psychoactive
neuroadaptive
57
Schizophrenics that experience auditory hallucinations are linked to what brain activation area
temporal lobes
sensory cortex
frontal cortex
motor cortex
58
The localization of a function such as speed production to the right/left side of the brain is
lateralization
neurogenesis
hemispherectomy
plasticity
59
The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is
social exchange
altruism
companionate love
self-disclosure
60
The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those most likely to
form stereotypes
discriminate against others
experience cognitive dissonance
engage in aggression
61
Mr. Christian has designed a camera with buttons that are easy to reach. He's most likely a
engaged in introspection
engaged in applied research
cognitive psychologist
conducting basic research
62
What is the illusion of movement resulting from 2+ adjacent lights blinking in quick succession
Depth perception
Perceptual constancy
Phi phenomenon
Retinal disparity
63
Al ignoring a distressed boy calling out for help in the middle of a busy city is an example of
the bystander effect
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
prejudice
the just-world phenomenon
64
A short stature is probably influenced by the lack of growth hormone produced by the
pancreas
pituitary gland
adrenal gland
hypothalamus
65
After watching a large number of violent pornographic movies, Ollie will probably be
more likely to favor long prison sentences for rapists
less likely to believe that women are harmed during rape
more likely to believe women like aggressive men
more likely to believe that such movies should be banned
66
Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?
activation-synthesis theory
Freud's dream theory
dissociation theory
social influence theory
67
Which statistical measure is helpful for indicating the link among high school and college GPAs
correlation coefficient
median
standard deviation
mean
68
Which early psychologist agreed with Darwin's belief that natural selection explains behaviors?
Ivan Pavlov
Edward B. Titchener
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
69
Every time Reynaldo does well on his report car, his parents give him ice cream, an example of
positive punishment
negative reinforcement
negative punishment
positive reinforcement
70
Your life would most immediately be threatened if you suffered destruction of the
hippocampus
smygdala
medulla
corpus callosum
71
Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote
shaping
survival
social interaction
extrinsic motivation
72
Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of
thoughts, feelings, and perceptions
observable responses to the environment
conscious and unconscious mental activity
behavior and mental processes
73
One of the biggest difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is that
negative reinforcement increases chances of desired behavior
only negative reinforcement uses aversive stimuli
only punishment involves the use of aversive stimuli
negative reinforcement decreases changes of desired behavior
74
The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n)
biological psychologist
developmental psychologist
psychiatrist
clinical psychologist
75
Neurosurgeons have severed corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce
neural plasticity
aphasia
epileptic seizures
depression
76
Taste aversion studies in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by
cognitive processes
continuous reinforcement
environmental factors
biological predispositions
77
In cultures that value ____, the fundamental attribution error is likely to be demonstrated
collectivism
superordinate goals
individualism
sexual stereotyping
78
To estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of
interaction
cloning
twin studies
nautral selection
79
The three small bones of the ear are located in the
auditory nerve
cochlea
middle ear
inner ear
80
As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of
hallucinations
dissociation
narcolepsy
tolerance
81
The impact of the foot-in-the-door- phenomenon is most clearly illustrated by
President JFK's ill-fated decision to invade Cuba
an increased number of suicides after Marilyn Monroe's death
the conforming opinions expressed in Asch's experiments
the obedience of participants in the Milgram experiment
82
The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the
sensory cortex
reticular formation
cerebellum
cerebral cortex