A perceptual set implies that...

people often see what they expect to see

Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...

were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger

The superego is Freud's term for...

the moral component of personality

A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
2
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
3
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
bipolar
dissociative
cyclical
4
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
thyroid
thalamus
gonads
5
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
6
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Rene Decartes
7
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
8
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
9
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
10
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender differences
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
11
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
stirrup
12
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
13
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
14
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
memory
15
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
16
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
17
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
18
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
cerebellum
brainstem
reticular formation
19
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
behavioral quality
temperament
attachment
20
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
fugue
panic disorder
conversion disorder
21
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
genital
oral
latency
22
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
salivation
food/meat powder
tone
23
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
operant conditioning
24
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scores
test scales
test levels
25
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
26
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
psychological tests
physiological recordings
direct observation
27
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
28
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
anxiety
mood
personality
29
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
content
absolute
criterion-related
30
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
31
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
similiarity
constancy
symmetry
32
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
33
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
repression
avoidance
34
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
35
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
36
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
reiteration
recognition
recall
37
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
38
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
39
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
predictability
accuracy of inference
consistency
40
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
tree-bird
car-nose
boat-goat
41
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
long-term
sensory
intermediate-term
42
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
medulla
43
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
midpoint
mean
mode
44
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
45
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
46
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
surprise
happiness
fear
47
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
pineal gland
corpus callosum
thalamus
48
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
49
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
marijuana
heroin
cocaine
50
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
punishment
observational learning
51
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
52
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
53
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not really been asleep
a headache
not been dreaming
54
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
55
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
56
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
57
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
functionalism
psychoanalysis
58
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
59
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
60
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
61
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
platonic
phonemic
mnemonic
62
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a phobia
a delusion
an obsession
63
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
a potential score
mental age
IQ
64
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
print letters
65
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
mentalism
intelligence
cognition
66
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
67
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
chunk
schema
semantic network
68
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
69
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
70
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
71
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
72
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
schematizing
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
73
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
74
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an aptitude test
a personality test
an intelligence test
75
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the experimental group
the observational group
76
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
sciatic receptors
77
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
78
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
REM
stage 1
stage 2
79
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
80
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
strange situation
81
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
82
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
preconventional
conventional
concrete
83
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
musical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
84
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
prenatals
pathogens
teratogens
85
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
fixation
regression
displacement
86
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
87
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
percentiles
means
88
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
89
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
content validity
standardized validity
90
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
91
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
perception
sensation
hypnosis
92
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
93
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
antagonists
action potentials
neurotransmitters
94
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
physical interaction
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
95
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
96
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
97
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
98
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
processing
sensation
attention
99
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
cortex
spinal cord
location of injury
100
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
cannabis
sedatives
narcotics
101
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
longitundinal
sequential
cross-sectional
102
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
103
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
104
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
give cookie
105
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
106
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
107
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
acetylcholine
endorphin
dopamine
108
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the unconscious
behavior
the brain
109
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological stability
110
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a sedative
an amphetamine
a narcotic
111
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
extinction
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
112
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
113
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
114
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
stereotypes
attributions
self-serving bias
115
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
centration
reversibility
conservation
116
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
a projective test
117
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
psychoanalytic
behavioral
humanistic
118
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
marital problems
119
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
120
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
social charm
121
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
color
saturation
light purity
122
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
123
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
124
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
cognitive dissonance
obedience
groupthink
125
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
126
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
loud noise
rabbit
fear reaction
127
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
128
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
investment differentiations
social scripts
parental investments
129
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
130
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
fluid
crystallized
procedural
131
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
stimulus discrimination
shaping
step-wise conditioning
132
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
retrieved
modeled
ablated
133
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
exposure to light
134
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
attributionism
collectivism
individualism
135
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
obsessions
illusions
hallucinations
136
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
137
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
138
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
social loafing
conformity
group polarization
139
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
140
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
141
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
escape learning
142
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
insight
143
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
144
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
145
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
146
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
phonemes
syntax
147
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
change
pressure
frustration
148
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
timbre
decibels
pitch
149
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
150
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
beta
gamma
alpha

Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud