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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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1
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
2
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
3
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
reticular formation
cerebellum
brainstem
4
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
5
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
abstract operations
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
6
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
a personality test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
7
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
8
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
lens
cornea
vitreous humor
9
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
10
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
antagonists
action potentials
agonists
11
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
time of testing
longitundinal
cross-sectional
12
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rat
loud noise
rabbit
13
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
drive theory
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
14
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
fear
surprise
15
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
16
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
17
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
schema
script
semantic network
18
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
cortex
thalamus
location of injury
19
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
content
absolute
criterion-related
20
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
been dreaming
a headache
21
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
22
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
pituitary
gonads
thyroid
23
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
24
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
IQ
a potential score
a percentile score
25
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
26
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scores
test scales
test levels
27
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
28
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
29
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
30
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
percentiles
standard deviation
means
31
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
32
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
33
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
tree-bird
car-nose
34
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
35
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
36
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
37
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
cognition
intelligence
introspection
38
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
39
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender stereotypes
gender differences
40
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
crystallized
episodic
fluid
41
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
consciousness
hypnosis
sensation
42
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
43
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
exposure to light
cultural practices
44
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
45
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
46
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
47
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
48
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
49
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
strange situation
50
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
accuracy of inference
representativeness
consistency
51
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
52
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
conformity
obedience
53
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
pineal gland
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
54
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
self-serving bias
attributions
stereotypes
55
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
56
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
57
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
58
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a projective test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
59
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
stimulus discrimination
shaping
step-wise conditioning
60
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
61
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
62
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
cognitive
behavioral
psychoanalytic
63
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
64
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
egocentrism
centration
conservation
65
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
66
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
displacement
regression
fixation
67
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
68
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
perception
sensation
processing
69
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
temperament
attachment
personality
70
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
mode
mean
median
71
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
72
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
73
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
display rules
investment differentiations
social scripts
74
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
intermediate-term
long-term
short-term
75
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
complete storage failure
76
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
endorphin
dopamine
acetylcholine
77
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
marital problems
schizophrenia
78
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
79
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
80
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
81
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
82
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
83
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
84
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
decibels
loudness
85
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
86
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
87
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
stirrup
88
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
escape learning
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
89
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
90
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
91
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recognition
reiteration
recall
92
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
93
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
opiates
pathogens
teratogens
94
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
95
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
96
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
97
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
frustration
change
pressure
98
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
99
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
100
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
101
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
102
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
103
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
104
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
tumor ligation
ESB
105
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
106
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
107
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the control group
the correlational group
the observational group
108
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
oral
anal
latency
109
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
mood
anxiety
schizophrenic
110
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
111
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
112
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
marijuana
mescaline
heroin
113
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
classical conditioning
latent learning
operant conditioning
114
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
115
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
mnemonic
platonic
morphemic
116
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
insight
reasoning
intelligence
117
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
REM
stage 4
stage 2
118
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
similiarity
closure
constancy
119
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
120
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
121
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
color
light purity
brightness
122
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
morphemes
123
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
postconventional
concrete
conventional
124
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
beta
delta
alpha
125
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
126
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
127
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
delusions
obsessions
hallucinations
128
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
memory
the endocrine system
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
129
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
cannabis
alcohol
narcotics
130
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
limbic system
131
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
questionnaires
physiological recordings
psychological tests
132
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
133
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in openness
134
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
group polarization
deindividuation
conformity
135
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
repression
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
136
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
cyclical
bipolar
dissociative
137
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
138
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
139
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
140
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
an obsession
a delusion
a phobia
141
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
142
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
content validity
143
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
the unconscious
behavior
conscious experience
144
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
145
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
tone
food/meat powder
light
146
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
functionalism
individualism
collectivism
147
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
148
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
observational learning
149
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
150
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
retrieved
encoded
ablated
