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Community Review
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1
In epidemiological studies, the term "incidence" refers to:
The likelihood of developing a disease over a certain period.
# of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a given time
The total # of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given time.
proportion of people in a pop. who have a specific disease at a given time
2
Which statistical test is used to compare the means of two independent groups?
ANOVA
Chi-square test
Pearson correlation
t-test
3
The best way to assess the effectiveness of a public health intervention is to:
Expand the program to other regions
Conduct a formal evaluation
Increase the program budget
Rely on patient feedback
4
Community water fluoridation is an example of:
Quaternary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Secondary prevention
Primary prevention
5
Which behavior change model emphasizes an individuals readiness to change a behavior.
Health Belief Model
Social Learning Theory
Transtheoretical Model
Theory of Planned Behavior
6
Dental hygienists can legally practice without direct supervision in which type of setting in many states?
Community health clinics
Research laboratories
Private dental offices
All settings require direct supervision
7
Which of the following is NOT a component of community water fluoridation?
Stannous fluoride
Sodium fluoride
Fluorosilicic acid
Sodium fluorosilicate
8
A study that follows a group of individuals over time to observe the development of disease is known as a:
Cross-sectional study
Cohort study
Case-control study
Randomized controlled trial
9
Which vitamin deficiency is primarily associated with the development of scurvy?
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin B
10
The dependent variable in a research study is:
The factor being manipulated by the researcher
A confounding factor
The measured outcome
A variable that remains constant
11
A dental hygienist providing treatment without obtaining informed consent violates which ethical principle?
Fidelity
Autonomy
Nonmaleficence
Justice
12
The ethical principle that involves treating all patients fairly and equitably is:
Justice
Beneficence
Veracity
Autonomy
13
The p-value in statistical analysis indicates:
The strength of the relationship between variables
The magnitude of the effect size
The confidence interval of the estimate
The probability that the observed results are due to chance
14
In motivational interviewing, the dental hygienist should:
Use open-ended questions and reflective listening
Avoid discussing barriers to change
Tell the patient exactly what they need to do
Focus on the clinician’s goals instead of the patient’s goals
15
A dental hygienist who maintains confidentiality of patient records is following which ethical principle?
Justice
Autonomy
Nonmaleficence
Fidelity
16
What is the primary purpose of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in relation to dental care?
To expand Medicaid coverage to include full adult dental services
To include pediatric dental coverage as an essential benefit
To provide dental insurance for all Americans
To eliminate private dental insurance
17
Medicaid is a federally funded program that provides:
Dental care for all U.S. residents
Universal dental insurance
Private dental insurance for working adults
Healthcare coverage for low-income individuals and families
18
The process of determining the value or worth of a program or its components is known as:
Evaluation
Planning
Assessment
Implementation
19
In a normal distribution, what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean?
68%
98%
50%
95%
20
The highest level of evidence in evidence-based practice is:
Randomized controlled trials
Case reports
Cohort studies
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
21
Which measure is used to determine the severity of a disease in a population?
Case-fatality rate
Incidence rate
Mortality rate
Prevalence rate
22
Which type of study is best for determining the effectiveness of a community dental health program?
Ecological study
Cross-sectional survey
Case study
Randomized controlled trial
23
In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of data falls within two standard deviations of the mean?
68%
74%
95%
99%
24
What is the primary purpose of a needs assessment in public health?
To gather data on the population’s oral health status and needs
To identify the financial needs of a program
To determine the demand for private dental offices
To assess the effectiveness of national dental policies
25
What is the best communication strategy when working with a patient with limited health literacy?
Provide written instructions with complex language
Assume the patient understands without explanation
Use simple language and visual aids
Use medical terminology to sound professional
26
Which of the following indices is most appropriate for measuring gingival bleeding?
Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN)
Periodontal Disease Index (PDI)
Plaque Index (PI)
Gingival Index (GI)
27
Which of the following is a core function of public health?
Health insurance provision
Medical research
Direct patient care
Policy development
28
Not providing unnecessary medications demonstrates which ethical principle.
Autonomy
Justice
Nonmaleficence
Beneficence
29
A school-based sealant program targets which population group?
Adults over 65
Preschoolers
Infants
Elementary school children
30
Which of the following best defines an endemic disease?
A disease occurring in higher numbers than expected in a given population
A disease that is constantly present in a population
A newly emerging disease with unknown origins
A disease that has spread across multiple countries
31
The best method for assessing the oral health status of a community is
Using self-reported surveys only
Conducting clinical exams on all residents
Reviewing existing epidemiological data
Interviewing local dentists
32
In research, the variable that is manipulated to observe its effect is known as the:
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Extraneous variable
Confounding variable
33
Effective patient education includes:
Using only verbal instructions
Providing standardized written materials only
Expecting patients to learn on their own
Customizing information based on the patient's needs
34
Which of the following is the best way to address a language barrier with a non-English speaking patient?
Have a family member translate
Use a professional interpreter
Avoid verbal communication
Speak louder
35
A public health program designed to reduce smoking rates among adolescents would be classified as:
Tertiary prevention
None of the above
Secondary prevention
Primary prevention
36
A law that protects patient privacy and confidentiality in healthcare is:
OSHA
CDC guidelines
HIPAA
Affordable Care Act
37
A study that examines existing data collected for another purpose is called a:
Cross-sectional study
Experimental study
Prospective study
Retrospective study
38
A dental hygienist who uses a culturally sensitive approach when treating diverse patients is demonstrating:
Ethnocentrism
Cultural indifference
Cultural assimilation
Cultural competence
39
A successful community-based oral health program must include:
A dental clinic with specialized care
Continuous program evaluation
A focus only on children’s oral health
Free treatment services
40
The measure that describes the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease at a given time is
Incidence
Mortality Rate
Risk Ratio
Prevalence
41
The first step in developing a community dental health program is to:
Implement the program
Set objectives
Evaluate the program
Conduct a needs assessment
42
The term “bias” in research refers to
Systematic error that affects study results
A large sample size
Random error in data collection
A statistically significant p-value
43
A high standard deviation in a data set indicates:
The data is positively skewed
The study has a small sample size
The data points are close to the mean
The data points are widely spread
44
When evaluating a dental health program what type of evaluation focuses on whether the program met its stated objectives
Formative evaluation
Summative evaluation
Process evaluation
Structural evaluation
45
Which of the following is a primary goal of dental public health?
Conducting dental research in laboratory settings
Ensuring optimal oralhealth forthe community through preventionandeducation
Providing free dental care to underserved populations
Regulating dental hygiene licensure requirements
46
Which of the following is considered a primary preventive measure in dental public health?
Dental restorations
Fluoride varnish application
Prosthodontic rehabilitation
Oral cancer screening
47
When working with an interpreter, the dental hygienist should:
Only use written instructions
Speak directly to the patient
Speak directly to the interpreter
Use medical jargon
48
The most common index used to measure dental caries in epidemiological studies is:
OHI-S index
GI index
DMFT index
CPI index
49
The primary federal agency responsible for improving the health of all Americans is:
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
50
Which type of study design is considered the gold standard for determining causality?
Cross-sectional study
Randomized controlled trial
Cohort study
Case-control study
51
When neither the researcher nor the participant knows which treatment is being received, the study design is:
Observational
Single-blind
Open-label
Double-blind
52
What is the most cost-effective method for preventing dental caries in a community?
Fluoride varnish applications
Community water fluoridation
Oral hygiene instruction
Dental sealant programs
53
The term "relative risk" refers to:
The proportion of deaths due to a disease in a population
The number of new cases of a disease in a population
The likelihood of developing a disease when exposed to a risk factor
The total number of cases of a disease in a given area
54
The type of sampling where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected is called:
Systematic sampling
Convenience sampling
Random sampling
Stratified sampling
55
The term "health disparity" refers to:
Unequal distribution of healthcare providers
Differences in health status between individuals due to personal behaviors
The natural variation of disease in different populations
Gaps in health outcomes linked to social economic and environmental factors
56
What is the best way for a dental hygienist to handle an ethical dilemma in practice?
Report the issue directly to legal authorities
Ignore the situation if it does not directly involve them
Consult the dental office manager
Apply ethical principles and seek guidance if necessary
57
Which government program provides healthcare for individuals aged 65 and older?
Medicaid
Medicare
VA Health System
CHIP
58
When setting objectives for a community dental health program, objectives should be:
Flexible and subjective
Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound
Broad and open-ended
General and adaptable
