APHG Unit 5 Vocab

Mainly found in MDCs

Form of aid and insurance given by the federal government to certain farmers & agribusinesses

Rural settlement pattern; houses & buildings form a long line usually following landscape or transportation routes

Rural settlement pattern; residents are isolated, all homes distributed over a large area

Agriculture practice consists of growing hardy trees & shrubs and raising sheep & goats

Uses machinery, GMOs, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides

Uses ~441 acres of farmland

Central location where consumer services are located because the accessibility of the location attracts services

Shifting of population away from cities into surrounding suburbs

Agreement between bank & LDC; bank forgives some of LDC's debt in exchange for local investment in conservation measures

Process of carving parts of a hill or mountainside into small, level growing plots

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures (nomadic herding)

Science of altering living organisms through genetic manipulation to create new products for specific purposes

Landscape resulting from the interactions between farming activities & a location's natural environment

Economy having 2 agricultural sectors that have different levels of technology & different patterns of demand

Purposeful cultivation of plants and raising of animals to produce goods for survival

Process by which water-soluble salts build up in soil, limiting the ability of crops to absorb water

Participates in agribusiness

Agricultural practice with relatively few inputs & little investment in labor & capital that results in low outputs

Degradation of land when soil deteriorates, expansion of a desert

Describes relationship between land value, commercial location, & transportation; describes cost of land

Layers of sand, gravel, & rocks that contain & can release a usable amount of water

Makes up 3% of the labor force in MDCs, only 2% in the US

Small, nomadic groups who had primarily plant-based diets & ate small animals & fish for protein

Movement beginning 1950s/60s; scientists used knowledge of genetics to develop new high-yield strains of grain crops

Shift to further mechanization in agriculture & technology beginning in early 20th century to present day

Combining of a company's ownership of & control over more than one stage of the production process of goods

Agricultural system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually

Network of people, info, processes, & resources working together to produce, handle, & distribute goods around the world

The variety of organisms living in a location

Disruption of food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food

Exchange of goods and ideas between Americas, Europe, & Africa that began after Columbus landed in Americas in 1492

An ecosystem modified for agricultural land use

Artificial lake used to store water

Reliable access to safe & nutritious food that can support an active & healthy lifestyle

Makes up ~42% of the labor force in countries

Network of people, information, processes, & resources that work together to product, handle, & distribute a product

Soil is depleted of nutrients, people shift activity from one field to another every few years; typically in tropics

A plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through the manipulation of its genetic makeup

SW Asia forms arc from Mediterranean coast into western Turkey following Tigris & Euphrates Rivers to Western Iran

Cost reductions that occur when production rises; ex: Costco

Loss of forest lands

Area where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away

Typically does NOT use insecticides, GMOs, fertilizers

Area that has a similar climate pattern, generally based on latitude & location on a coast or interior

Agriculture practice that focuses on producing crops & raising animals for the market for others to purchase

Produces food to sell for economic gain

Product created by breeding different varieties of species to enhance the most favorable characteristics

A tax or duty to be paid on a particular import or export

Form of subsistence agriculture based on moving domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing

Suggests perishability & transportation costs to market factor into location of agricultural land use & activity

Large-scale commercial farming of one crop grown for markets; found in LDCs, crops sold in MDCs

Variety & variability of plants, animals, & microorganisms, that are used directly or indirectly for food & agriculture

Will sell extra surplus if available

Average farm is a few acres

Farmers expend a large amount of effort to produce max. yield from land

Many systems & facilities that a country needs in order to function properly

Area where different groups began to domesticate plants & animals

Fields cleared by cutting down the vegetation and burning the debris before planting new seeds

Attempt to provide farmers/workers in LDCs with a fair price for their products, provides equitable trading conditions

Crop produced mainly to be sold and usually exported to larger markets

Type of farming produces fruits, vegetables, & flowers; typically serves a specific market or urban area

Cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally

Large-scale system that includes the production, processing, & distribution of agriculture products & equipment

Change in farming practices marked by new tools & techniques, diffused from Britain in the early 18th century

Depends on human labor or livestock labor

Communal lands replaced by farms owned by individuals; use of land restricted to owner or tenants who rented land

Varying of crops from year to year to allow for restoration of valuable nutrients & continuing productivity of the soil

Rural settlement pattern; residents live close to one another; farmland surrounding settlement, AKA nucleated settlement

Area of land that is covered by water or saturated with water

Farming management concept using technology to pinpoint inputs to maximize yield, reduce waste, & preserve environment

Shift from foraging for food to farming about 11,000 years ago, marking beginning of agriculture

Deliberate effort to grow plants & raise animals; adapting plants & animals to human demands; selective breeding

Commercial farming with integration of crops & livestock; crops fed to animals

Agriculture designed to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer & farmer's family; fewer machines, more people