Midterm Review

The father or head of the Christian Church, also bishop of Rome

Nomadic people that herded domestic animals

“submission to the will of Allah”

The most powerful group that took control of the empire after Umayyads fell

Venetian trader, served Kublai Khan for 17 years

“Roman peace” (27 B.C. to 180 A.D.) 207 years of peace and prosperity in Roman Empire

“exalted one” title Octavian accepted after becoming unchallenged ruler of Rome

The process of making conquered people part of Chinese culture

Caliph al-Ma’mun opened a combination library, academy, and translation

A society headed by the eldest female (family)

“Party” of Ali, believed caliph needed to be descendent of Muhammad, known as Shi’ites.

Empress ruled 660-690 unofficially, was only woman to seize power, Tang campaign in Korea (668)

A drastic drop in the value of money coupled with a rise in prices

Interchangeable characters in a frame to make a print page

The military leader who joined forces with Crassus (wealthy Roman) and Pompey (popular general)

A form of government where the power rests with citizens who vote for their leaders

Caliphate formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima

A group of three rulers (Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey) who ruled Rome for ten years

Chandragupta gathered an army, killed the unpopular Nanda king, and claimed the throne in 321BC

Dynasty that lasted 450 years (935-1392)

Enormous influence on Christianity’s development, first against Christianity, changed his mind

Chandragupta’s grandson, brought Mauryan Empire to its greatest heights, promotes Buddhism

“city of Constantine” formerly Byzantium, the new capital of Roman Empire

The language of Tamil people in Southern India

In modern-day Cambodia, main power Southeast Asia

This person protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials

“One who serves” loyal warriors who acted as bodyguards for lords

Aristocratic branch, legislative and administrative, 300 members chosen from upper class

A society headed by the eldest male (family)

Muhammad's migration to Yathrib (later renamed Medina) from Mecca

Government jobs that civilians obtain by taking an exam

The art of beautiful handwriting

A conflict between groups within the same country.

When a central authority controls the running of a state

A 29-year-old Carthaginian military strategist who wanted to avenge Carthage’s earlier defeat

Hindu god, the center of the world

Holy book of Islam

Mongol Peace

Grandson of Genghis Khan, “Great Khan” in 1260

Guidance of Qur’an and Sunna assembled into a body of law

Roman military units made up of 5,000 infantry soldiers with cavalry support

Command the army, direct the government, 1 year term, could not be elected again for ten years

284 A.D. army leader became new emperor and restored order to empire and increased its strength

Kinship groups

Was born into clan of powerful Meccan family, final prophet of Allah

Islam God

Ruled China for more than 400 years, divided into two periods

Poet who spent 10 years writing famous works of Latin literature the Aeneid, the epic of Aeneas

Roman historian, presented facts accurately, Annals and Histories, good and bad of Rome

“Universal ruler” of Mongol clans

The dispersal of Jews after forced exile by Romans in 132 B.C.

Successor or deputy of Muhammad

Mounded stone structures built over holy relics

The mixing elements of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture

Appointed for six months in a time of crisis had absolute power to make laws & command the army

One of the world’s greatest architectural achievements, a city-and-temple complex

The group that held on to Buddha’s stricter, original teachings

Chandra Gupta married daughter of a royal family flowering of Indian civilization Hindu culture

When a group has exclusive control over the production and distribution of certain goods

He traveled to Rome from Jerusalem and became the first bishop there

Muhammad’s example

Emperor who began Roman support of Christianity after answered prayers for victory in battle

Pilgrimage to Mecca

The emperor who ruled 626-649 began achievements of Tang Dynasty (618-907)

Foreign soldiers who fought for money

The acceptance of people who held different religious beliefs

The common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population in Rome

“one who has submitted”

12 men who followed Jesus and wrote the Gospels

“The way of the warrior” demanding code of behavior of the Samurai

Followers of Muhammad’s example, did not outwardly resist the Umayyads

Designed by Roman engineers to bring water into cities and towns

A priest who supervised several local churches

The group that accepted the new doctrines of Buddha

Hindu god, destroyer of the world

one of India’s greatest writers, wrote Shakuntala

Islamic house of worship

Rejected luxurious life of Umayyads, pursued a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path

"Supreme general of the emperor’s army” military dictator

Hindu god, preserver of the world

A vast network of caravan routes used to bring silk from China to western Asia and then Rome

“Way of the gods” Japanese Religion

Jew born 6 – 4 B.C. in town called Bethlehem in Judea

Scholar-officials and their family, well-to-do class in Chinese Society

Extraordinary Muslim state in southern Spain

Roman town covered in volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D. preserving buildings and art

The family that moved Muslim capital to Damascus

Wealthy landowners who held most of the power in Rome

Chieftain of Huns that united them for the first time in 444 and terrorized the Roman Empire