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AP Psychology Exam Review New CED
AP Psychology Exam Review New CED
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AP Psychology Review
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1
In sensory memory, _______ is to visual input as _______ is to auditory input.
iconic memory; echoic memory
structural memory; phonemic memory
echoic memory; iconic memory
visuospatial memory; phonological memory
2
Di. Li asks her clients to interpret ambiguous pictures of people in various settings. What type of test is he using?
Projective test
Achievement test
Personality inventory
IQ test
3
Remembering that you need to do something in the future is known as
Retrospective memory
Autobiographical memory
Proactive interference
Prospective memory
4
In most people, which of the following is a specific function of the left hemisphere?
Abstract reasoning
Spatial reasoning
Control of the left hand
Producing speech
5
Focuses on the impact natural selection, survival, & reproduction on behavior & mental processes
Humanistic
Evolutionary
Biological
Cognitive
Social-cultural
Behavioral
6
The interpretation of physiological arousal that precedes the experienced emotion is called a(n)
cognitive reorganization
simultaneous emotional experience
cognitive map
cognitive label
7
Parental involvement can have dramatic effects on all of the following human traits, EXCEPT...?
Self-esteem
Intelligence
Motor development
Reading ability
8
Which of the following types of learning occurs without any conscious effort (according to behaviorists)?
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
Vicarious learning
Operant conditioning
9
You tense up after hearing scary music during a horror film. In this case, the music is a(n)...
CS
CR
US
UR
10
In which stage of cognitive development do infants learn object permanence?
Conventional
Sensorimotor
Formal Operations
Pre-operational
11
A researcher conducts an experiment & reports a large effect size (
Cohen's d
= .85). What does this value indicate?
The experiment's procedures were properly standardized
The magnitude of difference between groups is substantial
The p-value is below .05, indicating statistical significance
The results can be generalized to the entire population
12
Someone who has an external locus of control is likely to have...
A strong libido.
A positive self-concept.
A high sense of self-efficacy.
A belief in luck.
13
In long term memory, _______ is to remembered events & facts as ________ is procedures & conditioned associations.
explicit memory; implicit memory
semantic memory; episodic memory
working memory; sensory memory
implicit memory; explicit memory
14
Which sleep stage do we spend more time in as the night progresses?
REM
NREM 1
NREM 2
NREM 3
15
Focuses on the impact of childhood experiences & the unconscious on personality development & behavior
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Social-cultural
Biological
Behavioral
Cognitive
16
________ carry signals to the brain, while ________ carry signals from the brain to muscles.
Sensory neurons; motor neurons
Interneurons; motor neurons
Motor neurons; sensory neurons
Interneurons; sensory neurons
17
In experiments, the _______ is manipulated & the ________ is the result of the manipulation.
independent variable; third variable
independent variable; dependent variable
dependent variable; independent variable
extraneous variable; dependent variable
18
Which of the following is an example of random sampling?
Flipping a coin to assign students to two different tests.
Approaching any 50 students during 6th-period lunch.
Having a computer generate a random list of 100 students.
Picking out of a hat to assign subjects to a condition.
19
Which is NOT one of the big five personality traits?
Agreeableness
Honesty
Extraversion
Openness
20
The tendency for animals to revert back to innate behaviors after learning unnatural behaviors
Instinctive drift
Biological preparedness
Habituation
Latent learning
21
The information-processing theory states that dreams...
Are representations of the information we encode daily.
Occur as the brain deals with daily events during REM sleep.
Are our brain making sense of random neurological activity
Occur only after stressful events.
22
We tend to forget information at a predictable rate. This is known as ________.
source amnesia
the recall curve
the forgetting curve
dissociative amnesia
23
Recall is more difficult that recognition because
recognition involves matching with something already in memory
recall involves cues to the memory that cause interference
recognized memories are more recent than recalled memories
memories retrieved by recognition are more deeply processed
24
Harlow's experiments with substitute mothers made of wire demonstrated the importance of _____ in nurture.
imprinting
touch
stranger anxiety
feeding
25
Many schizophrenics suffer from...
Perceived illnesses
Multiple personalities
Compulsions
Hallucinations
26
Which of the following is not a light-sensitive cone, according to trichromatic theory?
Red
Blue
Green
Yellow
27
According to research, the most advantageous parenting style for children's development is...
Authoritarian, because children learn boundaries quickly.
Authoritative, because children have justifiable boundaries.
Permissive, because children need to explore.
Securely attached, because parents will meet all needs.
28
Mary spent 2 months in a deep depression, but now has tons of energy, a racing mind, & often nonsensical ideas.
Bipolar I
Borderline personality disorder
Bipolar II
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
29
Which sentence most accurately describes sensory memory?
Perfectly stores all sensory input for a limited time.
Decides which memories to encode in long-term memory.
Records all incoming sensations, remembering them forever.
Encodes only sensations we are currently attending to.
30
Focuses on the impact of conditioning (associative learning) on personality & mental processes
Humanistic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Psychoanalytic
Biological
Social-cultural
31
Which of the following neurotransmitters allows you to have control over your muscles?
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
GABA
Dopamine
32
The neural network extending up through the brainstem controls alertness & attention
Thalamus
Limbic system
Reticular activating system
Pons
33
Which of the following is an example of the representativeness heuristic?
Solving a problem by breaking it down into smaller parts.
Making a judgment according to past experiences.
Judging a situation by a rule that is usually true.
Believing younger people are more likely to start fights.
34
Focuses on the impact of factors such as religion, education, & family structure on behavior & mental processes
Behavioral
Biological
Humanistic
Cognitive
Evolutionary
Social-cultural
35
All of the following are based on counterconditioning techniques EXCEPT
flooding
systematic desensitization
aversive therapy
token economies
36
Which of the following attachment styles did Mary Ainsworth find most often in her research?
Authoritarian
Avoidant
Secure
Authoritative
37
Focuses on the impact of the brain, genes, neurotransmitters, & hormones on behavior & mental processes
Humanistic
Biological
Cognitive
Social-cultural
Evolutionary
Behavioral
38
The desire for harmony within a group leads to everyone going along with the "group decision"
Deindividuation
Social loafing
Group polarization
Groupthink
39
Which of the following best describes the relationship between sensation and perception?
Sensation is in the skin while perception is in the brain.
Sensation is mechanical, while perception is cognitive.
Sensation detects stimuli, perception interprets stimuli.
Perception is an advanced form of sensation.
40
________ are to the endocrine system as ________ are to the nervous system.
Hormones; neurotransmitters
Agonists; antagonists
Neurotransmitters; hormones
Endorphins; neurotransmitters
41
Paralysis of the left arm might be explained by a problem in the...
Motor cortex in the occipital lobe in the right hemisphere.
Motor cortex in the frontal lobe of the right hemisphere.
Motor cortex in the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere.
Motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere.
42
A theory or hypothesis that cannot be proven through the scientific method is called
non-standardized
non-valid
non-falsifiable
non-reliable
43
Which approach toward personality is the least deterministic?
Behaviorist
Humanistic
Psychoanalytic
Biological
44
Which hormones is associated with feelings of hunger?
Oxytocin
Serotonin
Leptin
Ghrelin
45
A negative side-effect of ECT is...
Hysteria
Memory loss
Hallucinations
Tardive dyskinesia
46
Which theory explains that when we are hungry, we eat to reduce the discomfort of feeling hunger?
Drive-reduction theory
Sensation-seeking theory
Evolutionary theory
Incentive theory
47
Focuses on the role of thinking, perceptions, & problem-solving on behavior & mental processes
Psychoanalytic
Cognitive
Social-cultural
Biological
Behavioral
Humanistic
48
On a normal curve, what percentage of scores will fall within one standard deviation of the mean?
68%
34%
14%
95%
49
In James Marcia's Identity Theory, premature commitment to an identity with no exploration is called
Achievement
Diffusion
Moratorium
Foreclosure
50
The balanced physiological state we are driven to attain by satisfying our needs is called...?
Primary satisfaction
Homeostasis
Self-actualization
Equilibrium
51
An action potential is an "all or none response" - the neuron fires as long as the signal reaches the _______.
Resting potential
Refractory period
Threshold
Line of depolarization
52
One of your classmates remarks that "Ryan is all id." What does she likely mean?
Ryan uses a lot of defense mechanisms.
Ryan frequently pursues immediate gratification.
Ryan is a perfectionist.
Ryan is a highly-ethical person.
53
Our tendency to overestimate the likelihood of something based on previous events (like flipping a coin) is called the
blackjack problem
gambler's fallacy
mental set
algorithmic heuristic
54
Which of the following brain scans looks at STRUCTURE?
EEG
PET scan
fMRI
MRI
55
Redirecting unacceptable urges into more acceptable pursuits defines which defense mechanism?
Denial
Regression
Rationalization
Sublimation
56
During finals week, John experiences more stress than others, & is very irritable. According to the Big 5, John would be
high in introversion
high in conscientiousness
low in openness
high in neuroticism
57
Gate-Control Theory refers to...
How our minds use either bottom-up or top-down processing.
Blocking sound waves, causing some waves to be undetected.
Which pain messages are perceived.
Which sensory impulses are transmitted first.
58
The ______ is the entire group to which the research will apply & the _______ are those who take part in the research.
population; sample
sample; population
59
Focuses on the need for choice & reaching self-actualization on personality & mental processes
Humanistic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Psychoanalytic
Biological
Social-cultural
60
Generating alternate hypotheses to explain a phenomenon demonstrates which Piagetian stage?
Abstract reasoning
Operational
Formal operations
Syllogistic
61
Paul takes a test in the army to see if he would make a good pilot. Such a test is a(n)...?
Intelligence test
Aptitude test
Standardized test
Achievement test
62
The inability to remember events that occurred BEFORE a head injury is called
Retrograde amnesia
Proactive interference
Anterograde amnesia
Retroactive interference
63
The Yerkes-Dodson law predicts most people would perform an easy task best if they are
at a low level of arousal
in a state of homeostasis
sexually aroused
at a high level of arousal
64
If a test is reliable, it means that...
It yields consistent results.
It is also valid.
It is given in the same way every time.
It tests what it is supposed to test.
65
Billy & his friends love Harry Potter, so he assumes that everyone loves Harry Potter. This bias is known as the
actor-observer bias
individualistic thinking
false consensus effect
collectivistic thinking
66
Andy is softhearted, trusting, gullible, & forgiving. Which of the Big 5 traits is he likely to score high on?
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness
67
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Buying a child a video game after she throws a tantrum.
Depriving a prison inmate of sleep.
Assigning a student a detention for fighting.
Going inside to escape a thunderstorm.
68
The Flynn Effect is the finding that...
Intelligence seems to increase with every generation.
The more people take a test, the better they tend to score.
Linguistic skills decline with age.
Television has decreased intellectual performance.
69
A therapist who pulls techniques from multiple different perspectives is described as...
Functionalist
Social-cultural
Humanist
Eclectic
70
Darla eats the same thing for breakfast & lunch everyday & prefers to not venture too far out of her Ballantyne bubble
high in extroversion
low in conscientiousness
low in openness
high in neuroticism
71
Sandy scores a perfect 100 on a test everyone else fails. Graphically, the data would be...
Normal
Negatively skewed
A straight line
Positively skewed
72
Which reinforcement schedule is the most resistant to extinction?
Fixed Interval
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Variable interval
73
One of the principal differences between ethical guidelines for human and animal research is...
Humans must be chosen much more carefully than animals.
Humans can be deceived for experimental purposes.
Conditions for humans must be monitored more closely.
Animals can be placed at much greater risk than humans.
74
Which neurotransmitter is affected by opiates, such as heroin or morphine?
Serotonin
Dopamine
Endorphins
GABA
75
Using
successive approximations
to reward behavior as it gets closer to the desired behavior
Shaping
Social learning theory
Classical conditioning
Negative reinforcement
76
Which of the following is the best example of prejudice?
Mr. Tamp calls on boys more often than girls.
Ginny thinks all Asians are smart.
Santiago dislikes cheerleaders.
Billy won't let girls play on his hockey team.
77
Which of the following a characteristic of NREM3?
Hypnagogic sensations
Theta waves
Delta waves
Sleep spindles
78
Which of the following are reasons why intrinsic motivation might be better than extrinsic?
Intrinsic is easier and more convenient to provide.
Intrinsic is higher on Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Intrinsic is more effective with a wider range of people.
Intrinsic might be more enduring.
79
Which of the following is not a color combination in opponent-process theory?
Black-white
Blue-yellow
Green-yellow
Red-green
80
John is impulsive, inconsiderate of others, & enjoys manipulating people. He would most likely be diagnosed with
borderline personality disorder
schizotypal personality disorder
antisocial personality disorder
autism spectrum disorder
81
Blindness could result from damage to which cortex and lobe of the brain?
Cerebral cortex in the occipital lobe.
Visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
Visual cortex in the temporal lobe.
Visual cortex in the frontal lobe.
82
Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate...
The need for a representative sample
Many confounding variables
Concerns over validity
Sampling error
83
Which of the following IS NOT an anxiety disorder?
Taijin kyofusho
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Agoraphobia
Ataque de nervios
84
According to Ecological Systems Theory, our immediate environment with which we interact daily is our
Mesosystem
Microsystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
85
To treat epileptic seizures, doctors may sever the _____ in split-brain surgery.
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum
brainstem
limbic system
86
According to Erikson's theory, adolescents are primarily concerned in a search for...?
Identity
Affection
Career
Autonomy
87
Perceived control over a stressful event results in...
More motivation to solve the stressful problem.
Less reported stress.
More frustration regarding the stressful event.
Increased arousal.
88
What is the median of the following distribution: 6, 2, 9, 4, 7, 3?
4.5
6
5.5
5
89
The cochlea is responsible for...
Transforming vibrations into neural signals.
Transmitting vibrations to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
Protecting the surface of the eye.
Sending messages to the brain about the body's orientation.
90
In James Marcia's Identity Theory, premature commitment to an identity with no exploration is called
Foreclosure
Moratorium
Achievement
Diffusion
91
After using deception in research, this must be done to inform the participant of the true nature of the study
Informed consent
Debriefing
Confidentiality
Informed assent
92
Which of the following is most likely to reduce hostility between antagonistic groups?
Encourage them to avoid each other as much as possible.
Force the groups to spend a lot of time together.
Give groups a task that must be solved by working together.
Punish the groups whenever they treat each other badly.
93
If you only had sight in one eye, which of the following depth cues could you NOT use?
Texture gradient
Convergence
Linear perspective
Interposition
94
Phonemes and morphemes refer to...
Elements of telegraphic speech toddlers use.
Two types of influences language has on thought.
Elements of language.
Basic elements of memories stored in long-term memory.
95
Spearman argued that intelligence could be boiled down to one ability known as
s
g
x
a
96
Symbolic dream analysis might be used by a psychologist from which perspective?
Structuralist
Behaviorist
Psychoanalytic
Biopsychologist
97
The information-processing model of memory includes
Sensory, short-term, long-term
Structural, phonemic, semantic
Encoding, storage, retrieval
Automatic & effortful
98
Our tendency to overestimate the impact of disposition on OTHERS' behavior is known as
the fundamental attribution error
person-perception
a self-fulfilling prophecy
attribution theory
99
After living next to the airport for a few weeks, you fail to notice the sound of planes taking off. This is known as
habituation
threshold realignment
maturation
sensory adaptation
100
You find a slug on the shed only after it rains. What kind of reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Continuous
Variable Interval
101
Which of the following is an example of a secondary (conditioned) reinforcer?
Water
Food
Sleep
Money
102
Which measure of central tendency is most effected by outliers?
Mode
Mean
Range
Median
103
Activation of the sympathetic nervous _____ digestion & ______ heart rate.
increases; increases
decreases; decreases
increases; decreases
decreases; increases
104
In the Milgram studies, the dependent measure was...?
The location of the learner.
The instructions given by the experimenter.
The highest level of shock supposedly administered.
The number of people in the group.
105
Which of the following correlation coefficients would best allow you to predict weight on the basis of IQ?
+.87
+.21
-.09
-.62
106
The understanding of principles of _____ indicates development from the preoperational stage to concrete operations
animism
theory of mind
conservation
egocentrism
107
Which of the following is not an aspect of working memory?
Iconic memory
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Central executive
108
What type of correlation is represented on the scatterplot?
Negative correlation
Illusory correlation
Positive correlation
No correlation
109
Antidepressant drugs that treat mood disorders affect which type of neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Adrenaline
Endorphins
110
Continuing something (such as a relationship) because you're already invested when stopping would be more beneficial
Convergent thinking
Sunk-cost fallacy
Gambler's fallacy
Mental set
111
The principal difference between a longitudinal study and a cross-sectional study is...
The number of participants involved.
The developmental stage of the participants.
The time span of the study.
The statistical methods employed to evaluate the data.
112
According to Ecological Systems Theory, our immediate environment with which we interact daily is our
Microsystem
Exosystem
Mesosystem
Macrosystem
113
Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior as a result of...
Individual choice
Unconscious behavioral impulses
Biological processes
Environmental conditioning
114
Which of the following IS NOT a part of the limbic system?
Thalamus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
115
The belief that personality is created by the interaction between a person, their behavior, & environment is known as
attribution theory
combination theory
reciprocal determinism
mutuality
116
Which is the correct order of parts on a basic neuron (going from left to right)?
Axon terminals, cell body, axon, dendrites
Dendrites, axon, cell body, axon terminals
Dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals
Axon, cell body, dendrite, axon terminals
117
"Brain plasticity" refers to...
New connections forming to take over for damaged sections.
The surface texture of the cerebral cortex.
Our adaptability to different problems.
The brain's ability to regrow damaged neurons.
118
Selye's general adaptation syndrome describes
the effect of low arousal on emotion
how the CNS processes emotions
the sexual response cycle in humans
our reactions to stress
119
Which best describes what a statistically significant result in an experiment indicates?
The observed difference is not due to chance
The finding has important practical, real-world implications
The effect of the IV was large
The study methodology was scientifically valid
120
Juan falsely believes that the FBI is tracking him & listening to his phone calls. Juan is experiencing...
Delusions
Hallucinations
Compulsions
Obsessions
121
Which aspects of hunger are controlled by the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus?
Body temperature and desire to eat.
Contraction and expansion of the stomach.
The desire to eat and the feeling of fullness.
The binge and purge cycle in bulimics.
122
According to Chomsky's theory of universal grammar (nativist theory), language is acquired...
Best in the language and culture native to the family.
Using an inborn ability to learn language.
Only if instruction is provided in the native language.
By parents reinforcing correct language use.
123
Which of these is the best example of crystallized intelligence?
Susan quickly learns to use a computerized stats program for class
Tino uses his exceptional vocabulary to excel at Scrabble
Gina is always the first in class to finish math tests
Arvin changes jobs & easily adapts to the new environment
124
Stress that is positive & motivating is known as
activating stress
approach-approach stress
eustress
distress
125
Which technique would a cognitive therapist be most likely to use?
Systematic desensitization
Interpretation
Active listening
Rational-emotive behavior therapy
126
Photoreceptors in the periphery of the retina that detect black & white, shapes, & movement are called
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Cones
Rods
127
When we integrate new information into a preexisting schema, we are using _______.
accommodation
transduction
long-term potentiation
assimilation
128
Agonists are psychoactive drugs that...
Mimic the same effects as certain neurotransmitters.
Enhance the effects of certain opiates like heroin.
Produce tolerance to the drug without withdrawal symptoms.
Mimic neurotransmitters and block their receptor sites.
129
Psychologists prefer the experimental method to other research methods because...
It is easier to obtain a random sample.
Experiments can show cause-effect relationships.
Experiments are more likely to support hypotheses.
Experiments result in statistically significant findings.
130
Which of the following is a NEGATIVE SYMPTOM of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
Delusions
Flat affect
Disorganized thinking & speech
131
Which brain scans should be used when studying connections between stimuli and brain processes?
PET and EEG
EKG and CAT
CAT and EKG
MRI and CAT
132
Julia was euphoric after her wedding, but after a few weeks she felt normal again. Which concept best explains this?
Reciprocal determinism
Relative deprivation
Adaptation-level phenomenon
General adaptation syndrome
133
Weber's Law determines...
Just-noticeable difference
Amplitude of sound waves
Absolute threshold
Level of subliminal messages
134
Which of the following is not one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences?
Spatial
Linguistic
Musical
Practical
135
Which statement about bulimia is true?
The main cause of bulimia is society's emphasis on thinness.
All bulimics use vomiting to rid their bodies of calories.
Bulimics lose in excess of 15 percent of their body weight.
Bulimics tend to be overly concerned with their body image.
136
Schizophrenia is most likely to be treated with...?
Valium
Lithium
Thorazine
Prozac
137
_______ is to experiments as _______ is to surveys
Random sampling; random assignment
Convenience sampling; representative sampling
Representative sampling; random assignment
Random assignment; random sampling
138
Which of the following concepts is most integral to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
Behaviorism
The unconscious mind
Gestalt Theory
Structuralism
