Information is passed through the Internet as

Data streams containing chunks of data encapsulated in packets

Why can computing innovations reflect existing human biases?

Biases may be written into algorithms or the innovation may use biased data

What can simulations be considered as?

Abstractions of more complex objects or phenomena for a specific purpose

What is the role of programs in gaining insight and knowledge from data?

Programs are used in an iterative & interactive way to process information.

What is the focus of an iterative design process used by developers?

User-focused development with feedback cycles and experimentation

What is information defined as?

The collection of facts and patterns extracted from data

What is a key benefit of the Internet being engineered to be fault-tolerant?

The ability to continue functioning even if some components fail

Achieving network redundancy often involves

Having more than one path between connected devices

What is a potential risk associated with collecting and storing personal data on a computer system?

PII can be used to stalk or steal the identity of a person

According to the exam reference sheet, what does the procedure RANDOM(a, b) do?

Generates and returns a random integer from a to b, inclusive.

What is a primary purpose of computing innovations?

To solve problems or to pursue interests through creative expression

What programming constructs are used to represent repetition and make decisions?

Iteration and selection constructs

How are elements in a list or string commonly referenced?

Using natural numbers called an index

What is a fundamental purpose of how programmers represent and organize data?

To find specific solutions to generalizable problems

What is a key benefit of breaking down problems into smaller, more manageable pieces?

It allows programmers to generalize processes and reuse code

The Internet is best defined as a computer network consisting of:

interconnected networks that use standardized, open communication protocols

The exam sheet provides the logical operator AND. When would condition1 AND condition2 evaluate to true?

If both condition1 and condition2 are true

Which of the following describes a potential use of digitally processed data?

To show correlation between variables

What is a characteristic of a strong password?

Easy to remember, difficult for others to guess based on knowledge of user

Which of the following is an example of program input?

Data sent to the computer for processing

What type of information about an individual is considered Personally Identifiable Information (PII)?

Information that identifies or describes them, like social security number

An ordered sequence of elements

How can the return value of procedure ABC, called with args arg1, arg2, etc., be assigned to a variable named result?

result ← ABC(arg1, arg2, ...)

What is a common effect of input on a program?

Input usually affects the output produced by a program.

What is improved through collaboration in the context of computing innovations?

The computing innovations being developed

What is a benefit of using data abstraction with lists?

It manages complexity by naming a data collection without specific details.

What happens in a REPEAT UNTIL(condition) iteration if the condition is true initially?

The loop body is not executed at all.

Which is a good use of the FOR EACH loop structure provided in the exam reference sheet?

To sequentially assign each element of a list to a variable

Why is understanding the purpose of a computing innovation important for developers?

It improves their ability to develop that computing innovation.

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Answers

1
Information is passed through the Internet as
Continuous analog signals
Encrypted blocks of unorganized data
Data streams containing chunks of data encapsulated in packets
Single large files transmitted at once
2
Why can computing innovations reflect existing human biases?
Algorithms are always perfectly objective.
Biases may be written into algorithms or the innovation may use biased data
More data automatically eliminates all forms of bias.
Programmers are always consciously aware of and remove all their biases.
3
A group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data is best described as a:
Interconnected system
Computing system
Computing device group
Computer network
4
What can simulations be considered as?
Always unbiased representations of reality
Abstractions of more complex objects or phenomena for a specific purpose
Useless when real-world experiments are possible
Exact replicas of real-world events
5
What is the role of programs in gaining insight and knowledge from data?
Programs provide definitive answers without user interaction.
Programs are used in an iterative & interactive way to process information.
Programs are only used for storing large datasets.
Programs primarily focus on the visual presentation of raw data.
6
What is the focus of an iterative design process used by developers?
User-focused development with feedback cycles and experimentation
Solely focusing on efficient code implementation
Developing a complete product before any feedback
Primarily aiming for minimal risk and no changes
7
What is information defined as?
Metadata that describes the characteristics of data
Raw, unprocessed facts
Data that has been not cleaned and validated
The collection of facts and patterns extracted from data
8
What is a key benefit of the Internet being engineered to be fault-tolerant?
Guaranteed delivery of all data packets in order
The ability to continue functioning even if some components fail
Static routing paths for efficiency
Increased bandwidth speeds
9
What can be a consequence of using a fixed number of bits to represent integers in some programming languages?
Increased memory usage
Faster processing speeds
Overflow errors
Unlimited range of values
10
The ability of a system to change in size and scale to meet new demands is referred to as
Efficiency
Fault tolerance
Scalability
Reliability
11
Achieving network redundancy often involves
Simplifying routing protocols
Using fewer network devices
Reducing the amount of data transmitted
Having more than one path between connected devices
12
What is a skill practiced by effective collaborative teams?
Strict adherence to individual plans
Communication
Competitive programming
Independent problem-solving
13
Which of the following is a named group of programming instructions that may have parameters and return values?
Expression
Variable
Algorithm
Procedure
14
Which of the following is an ordered sequence of characters?
Number
Boolean
String
List
15
What is a potential risk associated with collecting and storing personal data on a computer system?
PII can be used to stalk or steal the identity of a person
Improved personalization of online services
Increased efficiency in data analysis
Enhanced data security through large datasets
16
What is the term for a part of an existing string?
String literal
Character set
Substring
Superstring
17
Which of the following is an example of a computing innovation?
A paper-based filing system
A traditional book
A self-driving car
A hand-written letter
18
According to the exam reference sheet, what does the procedure RANDOM(a, b) do?
Generates and returns a random integer from a to b, inclusive.
Returns a random floating-point number between a and b.
Returns a random number less than a.
Returns a random number greater than b.
19
What term describes reducing complexity by focusing on the main idea and hiding irrelevant details?
Abstraction
Binary conversion
Digital representation
Data compression
20
What is a primary purpose of computing innovations?
To generate profit for developers
To complicate everyday tasks
To replace human interaction entirely
To solve problems or to pursue interests through creative expression
21
What programming constructs are used to represent repetition and make decisions?
Iteration and selection constructs
Functions and procedures
Algorithms and simulations
Data types and variables
22
What is the fundamental unit that computing devices use to represent all data?
Character
Byte
Digit
Bit
23
How are elements in a list or string commonly referenced?
By their name
By their value
By a Boolean condition
Using natural numbers called an index
24
According to the exam reference sheet, which operator is used to assign a value to a variable?
:=
←
==
=
25
What is a fundamental purpose of how programmers represent and organize data?
To find specific solutions to generalizable problems
To confuse users
To make programs longer
To avoid using variables
26
What is a key benefit of breaking down problems into smaller, more manageable pieces?
It allows programmers to generalize processes and reuse code
It avoids the need for testing.
It makes the code longer and more complex.
It prevents the use of procedures.
27
When a procedure is called, what term describes the specific values provided for the procedure's parameters?
Parameters
Variables
Arguments
Expressions
28
The Internet is best defined as a computer network consisting of:
A collection of individual computing devices
interconnected networks that use standardized, open communication protocols
A single large network with proprietary protocols
A system of linked web pages and files
29
According to the exam sheet, which statement within a procedure returns a value to where the procedure was called?
ASSIGN
CALL
RETURN(expression)
PROCEDURE
30
The exam sheet provides the logical operator AND. When would condition1 AND condition2 evaluate to true?
If either condition1 or condition2 is true
Only if condition1 is false
Only if condition2 is false
If both condition1 and condition2 are true
31
Which of the following describes a potential use of digitally processed data?
To show correlation between variables
To guarantee causal relationships between variables
To replace the need for additional research
To always provide a definitive conclusion from a single source
32
What is a characteristic of a strong password?
Easy to remember, difficult for others to guess based on knowledge of user
It is the same as the username.
It is a common word found in the dictionary.
It is the user's date of birth.
33
Which of the following is an example of program input?
Data sent to the computer for processing
The program's internal calculations
Data displayed on a screen
Sound produced by the computer
34
What type of copyright license enables the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, allowing building on it?
Creative Commons
Open access
Open source
Standard copyright
35
What type of information about an individual is considered Personally Identifiable Information (PII)?
Publicly available statistics
General knowledge
Information that identifies or describes them, like social security number
Anonymous usage data
36
What is a list?
A type of error in programming
A single value
An unordered collection of items
An ordered sequence of elements
37
How can the return value of procedure ABC, called with args arg1, arg2, etc., be assigned to a variable named result?
DEFINE result = ABC(arg1, arg2, ...)
CALL ABC(arg1, arg2, ...)
ABC(arg1, arg2, ...) -> result
result ← ABC(arg1, arg2, ...)
38
Which of the following is identified as a challenge associated with processing data?
The need to clean data
The guaranteed accuracy of data from a single source
The ease of always finding uniform data
The automatic elimination of bias with more data
39
What is a common effect of input on a program?
Input has no impact on the program's execution.
Input only changes the program's internal state, not the output.
Input usually affects the output produced by a program.
Input only affects the program's speed.
40
What is improved through collaboration in the context of computing innovations?
The speed of development
The computing innovations being developed
The marketing strategy
The cost of production
41
What is a benefit of using data abstraction with lists?
It restricts the types of elements that can be stored.
It manages complexity by naming a data collection without specific details.
It makes the underlying representation more complex.
It makes programs run slower and more accurately.
42
What happens in a REPEAT UNTIL(condition) iteration if the condition is true initially?
The loop continues indefinitely.
The loop body is not executed at all.
A run-time error occurs.
The loop body is executed once.
43
What is an example of an authentication measure to protect computing resources?
Using easily guessable PINs
Sharing passwords widely
Strong passwords
Ignoring software updates
44
According to the exam reference sheet, how do you access the element at index i of a list called aList?
aList(i)b
element(aList, i)
aList[i]
access aList at i
45
What type of data has values that change smoothly over time, rather than in discrete intervals?
Sampled data
Binary data
Analog data
Digital data
46
What term refers to the set of rules that define system behavior, such as those governing communication on the Internet?
Standard
Metadata
Abstraction
Protocol
47
Which of the following is a commonly used phase in a program's development process?
User acquisition and monetization
Deployment and maintenance only
Final product release and marketing
Designing
48
Which is a good use of the FOR EACH loop structure provided in the exam reference sheet?
To sequentially assign each element of a list to a variable
To repeat a block of code a specific number of times
To define a new list
To repeat a block of code until a condition is met
49
The differing levels of access to computing devices and the Internet based on various characteristics is known as the
The information gap
Network inequality
The digital divide
Technological disparity
50
Why is understanding the purpose of a computing innovation important for developers?
It speeds up the coding process significantly.
It guarantees the innovation will be bug-free.
It improves their ability to develop that computing innovation.
It primarily helps with marketing the final product.
51
How many bits make up one byte?
16
2
4
8
52
What determines the computed result of a program?
The way statements are sequenced and combined in a program.
The physical hardware the program is run on
The programmer's personal preferences
The computer's processing speed alone
53
Which of the following processes can programs use to extract or modify information from data?
Filtering a data set, such as keeping only positive numbers from a list
Assuming causation from correlation
Ignoring all inconsistencies in a data set
Permanently deleting data without the possibility of recovery
54
What is the result of the expression 19 MOD 4?
4.75
3
3
4
55
What programming constructs allow repetition and decision-making in code by evaluating different input values?
Data types and variables
Iteration and selection constructs
Procedures and functions
Algorithms and libraries
56
What is the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet called?
Distributed computing
Crowdsourcing
Data mining
Citizen science
57
In binary representation, the value of a bit is multiplied by what to determine its numeric value?
Place value
The number of bits to its left
Its position number
The base of the number system
58
What is an abstraction inside a program that can hold a value?
Procedure
Variable
Expression
Operator
59
Which number base uses only the digits 0 and 1?
Decimal (base 10)
Base 16
Base 8
Binary (base 2)
60
If the following assignments are made: a ← 5, b ← a, a ← 10, what will the DISPLAY(b) procedure show?
15
5 and 10
10
5
61
What do software libraries contain that can be utilized when creating new programs?
Only data variables
Procedures
Only user interface designs
Entirely new programs
62
According to the exam reference sheet, what does the operation a MOD b evaluate to?
The remainder when a is divided by b
The result of integer division of a by b.
The quotient when a is divided by b.
The product of a and b.
63
Which of the following joins together two or more strings end-to-end?
String manipulation
String slicing
String concatenation
String comparison
64
Using material created by someone else without permission and presenting it as your own is called what?
Open source
Plagiarism
Creative Commons
Fair use
65
The maximum amount of data that can be sent over a computer network in a fixed amount of time is known as:
Data rate
Routing speed
Bandwidth
Network capacity
66
What statement alters a program’s control flow by choosing different code paths based on a Boolean condition?
Sequential statement
Conditional statement
Display statement
Assignment statement
67
Which type of data compression algorithm guarantees complete reconstruction of the original data?
Lossless
Neither lossless nor lossy
Lossy
Both lossless and lossy
68
What is the primary purpose of routing in a computer network?
To find a path from sender to receiver
To ensure data arrives in order
To define the network's protocols
To increase the bandwidth
69
What is the primary goal of testing an algorithm or program during the development process?
To make the program visually appealing
To reduce the size of the program's code
To finalize the marketing materials for the program.
To ensure that the program produces expected outcomes for defined inputs.
70
What are the input variables defined within a procedure called?
Outputs
Results
Arguments
Parameters
71
What is a key reason why computing innovations might have unintended consequences?
User adoption and tech integration in society are always unpredictable.
The rapid pace of technological development introduces risk.
Software updates and iterations can lead to unforeseen behaviors.
Computing innovations can be used in ways their creators did not intend.
72
What is the purpose of the investigation phase in designing a program?
To write the final lines of code
To solely focus on the technical specifications of the hardware.
To pilot the program to users and collect feedback.
To determine the program's requirements and understand user concerns.
73
What is a primary advantage of procedural abstraction?
It improves code readability and allows for code reuse
It requires duplicating code for similar functionalities.
It prevents changes to the internal workings of a procedure.
It complicates code and makes it harder to understand.
74
What is a reason why it is difficult to delete information once it is placed online?
All Internet service providers must store all online activity indefinitely
Deleting information automatically removes it from all websites
Information can be easily copied, shared, and reposted by others
Every online platform keeps permanent archives of all user data
75
What programming concept involves creating named groups of instructions that can accept inputs and may return values?
Variables
Selection
Iteration
Procedures
76
What is one of the main purposes of using metadata?
To alter the primary data
For finding, organizing, and managing information
To decrease the effective use of data
To replace the need to understand the primary data
77
How can collaboration improve the development of computing innovations?
Collaboration always leads to faster development times.
Collaboration ensures that all team members agree on every decision.
Collaboration allows innovation reflecting diverse talents & perspectives.
Collaboration mainly helps with the final testing phase of development.
78
Metadata can be best described as:
Data about data
The conclusions drawn from analyzing multiple datasets
Processed information derived from data
The primary data itself
79
What is the minimum number of separate pieces of evidence typically required in multifactor authentication?
Four
One
Two
Three
80
What is the purpose of program documentation?
To prevent users from modifying the program
To provide a written description of the program's function and development.
To hide the complexities of the code
To make the program run faster

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