Who were the Ju/'hoansi?

Hunter-gatherers from southern Africa

What is Yersinia pestis?

Bacterium responsible for causing the plague

What is INTERCROPPING?

Practice of planting multiple crop species together in the same field

A multi-decadal period of extreme aridity

What does this map depict?

Likely centers where domestication of at least 1 plant or animal occurred

What does the oasis-propinquity theory argue?

Drying climate: communities contracted to oases, triggering domestication

What makes the Whanganui River (New Zealand) unique?

It was the first river to be granted the same legal rights as a human.

Microscopic silica structures formed in plant cells

What is the Lion Man/ Löwenmensch (40K – 35 K years old)?

Zoomorphic representations from the Upper Paleolithic

Archaeological evidence of infectious diseases is rare (paleopathology paradox). Why?

Ailing people often succumb to disease before skeletal lesions appear.

How are the climate classifications in the Köppen-Geiger System defined?

Based on annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation

Who was Dmitri Balayev?

Soviet geneticist who bred and domesticated silver foxes.

What generalizations arguably apply to groups of foragers?

Large foraging territories, moved frequently, lived in groups of 15 - 30.

What are speleothems?

Mineral deposits in caves formed by dissolution of minerals in water

What does this sequence indicate: excavation, sampling, sieving, flotation, sorting, identification, taphonomic analysis

Stages in the analysis of macroscopic plant remains

What was the Natufian?

Precursor to Neolithic with increasingly settled communities of foragers

Define the term Qanat/ Falaj?

Advanced irrigation system from SW Asia (Iran, Arabia)

What is the Maunder Minimum?

Period of reduced solar activity, with fewer sunspots & cooler temps

What is the Attini tribe?

A phylogeny of fungus-growing ants

Zone where trade winds from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet

What was the impact of the introduction of dairying on the Tibetan Plateau?

Supported expansion of early pastoralists to region’s non-arable highlands

What is the “pristine myth"?

Mistaken belief that certain natural environments are untouched by humans.

What is the significance of the site of Wilamaya Patjxa (Andes, Peru)?

Female burial with projectile points challenges 'man the hunter' theory.

What is a keystone species?

A species that plays a critical & foundational role in an ecosystem

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ARCO3015 | Humans & The Final Showdown!

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Questions 38

Answers

1
Sediment layers from lakes and other aquatic systems (used as proxies for reconstructing paleoclimates) are called:
Isotopes
Paleolimnological records
Phytoliths
Speleothem records
2
What is the Köppen-Geiger System?
Sedimentary archive classifying soils based on agricultural suitability
Climate Classification System
Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Climate Model
Scale to rate the intensity of tropical storms.
3
Who were the Ju/'hoansi?
Peruvian site challenging assumptions about gender roles in early HGs
Hunter-gatherers from southern Africa
Nomadic group of reindeer herders in Sweden
Medieval European monarchy
4
Where is the site of Göbekli Tepe?
Western Anatolia
Central Anatolia
Southeast Anatolia
Mesopotamia
5
What is Yersinia pestis?
Microscopic, rigid structure of silicon dioxide forming in cells of plants
Microscopic silica forming in plant cells & remaining preserved in soils
Bacterium responsible for causing the plague
Microscopic, single-celled algae that form the base of aquatic food chains
6
What is INTERCROPPING?
Practice of planting multiple crop species together in the same field
Practice of planting the same crop in multiple fields to increase yield
Technique for irrigation management
Method of fertilizing crops
7
Define megadrought!
Region prone to cyclical, mild, & short droughts
Temporary water shortage
Seasonal transition from dry to wet weather in certain regions
A multi-decadal period of extreme aridity
8
Archaeomalacology is the archaeological study of:
Pleistocene fauna
Diatoms
Ostracods
Molluscs
9
What does this map depict?
Distribution of prehistoric cave art that depicts human-animal relations
Important Hunter-gatherer groups
Likely centers where domestication of at least 1 plant or animal occurred
Migration patterns of ancient civilizations in response to extreme climate
10
What does the oasis-propinquity theory argue?
Domestication of animals led to the development of oasis societies
Drying climate: communities contracted to oases, triggering domestication
Humid climate: communities settled around oases, triggering domestication
High-altitude lakes were main sources of water for early crop cultivation
11
What makes the Whanganui River (New Zealand) unique?
It passes through a desert.
It originates from a volcanic crater lake.
It disappeared entirely following severe multidecadal drought
It was the first river to be granted the same legal rights as a human.
12
What does ENSO stand for?
El Niño-Storm Observation
Environmental Science and Oceanography
El Niño-Southern Oscillation
El Niño-Severe Oscillation
13
Where is Earth’s so-called Third Pole?
Maritime Southeast Asia
Tibet
Peruvian Andes
Antarctica
14
What are phytoliths?
Mineral deposits found in cave formations
Fossilized remains of ancient animals
Microscopic silica structures formed in plant cells
Small stones used in prehistoric tools
15
What is the Lion Man/ Löwenmensch (40K – 35 K years old)?
Ancient Egyptian deity represented by a lion
Paleolithic cave painting from Southern Germany
Zoomorphic representations from the Upper Paleolithic
Hero from Indigenous Sámi tradition
16
Archaeological evidence of infectious diseases is rare (paleopathology paradox). Why?
Selective burial: individuals with certain diseases were buried elsewhere.
Diseases cause remains to decompose differently or masked health issues.
Most diseases are responses to contemporary lifestyles
Ailing people often succumb to disease before skeletal lesions appear.
17
How are the climate classifications in the Köppen-Geiger System defined?
Based on annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation
Based on sea surface temperatures (SST) and wind patterns (ITCZ)
Based on the primary vegetation types in a region
Determined largely by the latitude and longitude of a location
18
Who was Dmitri Balayev?
Enlightenment thinker who challenged the 'nature-culture dichotomy.'
German-Russian climatologist who developed a global climate classification.
Soviet geneticist who bred and domesticated silver foxes.
Scholar who developed the oasis-propinquity theory
19
What generalizations arguably apply to groups of foragers?
Strict separation of subsistence roles for men and women.
Foragers primarily rely on trading with agricultural societies.
Small foraging territories, stayed in one place, large groups 50 - 75.
Large foraging territories, moved frequently, lived in groups of 15 - 30.
20
What are speleothems?
Microbotanical remains associated with freshwater environments
Mineral deposits in caves formed by dissolution of minerals in water
Layers in ice cores indicating LVEs (large volcanic eruptions)
Geological features formed by volcanic activity
21
What does this sequence indicate: excavation, sampling, sieving, flotation, sorting, identification, taphonomic analysis
Stages in ceramic analysis
Steps in the construction of an ecological map
Stages in the analysis of macroscopic plant remains
Steps taken to preserve delicate artifacts using conservation techniques
22
What was the Natufian?
Levantine site with evidence of early copper smelting
Period with first settled farmers of the Near East
Large Ancient City in Mesopotamia
Precursor to Neolithic with increasingly settled communities of foragers
23
What is the traditional homeland of the Sámi called?
Lapland
Stámi
Sápmi
Rovaniemi
24
Define the term Qanat/ Falaj?
Advanced irrigation system from SW Asia (Iran, Arabia)
Traditional spear of the Sama-Bajau nomadic fisherfolk of Maritime SE Asia
Sámi language: word for untouched snow
Irrigation system (Guatemala) - cisterns to store water during droughts
25
What is the Maunder Minimum?
Historical era with abundant solar flares and increased global warming
Term for period of high volcanic activity and large climatic impact
Period of reduced solar activity, with fewer sunspots & cooler temps
Phase in the Sun's 11-year solar cycle when solar activity is at its peak
26
What comes before the Anthropocene?
Plantationocene
Younger Dryas
Pleistocene
Holocene
27
What is the Attini tribe?
A phylogeny of fungus-growing ants
Seafaring people spreading across Pacific beginning ca. 3000 BCE
A historical Native American tribe of the Great Plains
A group of ancient Scandinavian seafarers
28
What does the LALIA stand for?
Late Antique Little Ice Age
Levantine Anatolia Late Iron Age
Late Ancient Linguistic and Industrial Advancements
Lower Arabian Late Islamic Age
29
What is the ITCZ?
Acronym for online paleoclimate search engine
Zone where trade winds from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet
A period of solar minima that coincides with the Golden Age of Piracy
A tectonic fault line that runs across East Africa
30
What was the impact of the introduction of dairying on the Tibetan Plateau?
Supported expansion of early pastoralists to region’s non-arable highlands
Led to the development of advanced agricultural technologies
Deforestation to create pasture land for yaks
Precipitated the decline of yak populations
31
What is the “pristine myth"?
Correct belief that certain natural environments are untouched by humans.
Belief that all wilderness areas are devoid of any life forms.
Mistaken belief that certain natural environments are untouched by humans.
Idea that untouched ecosystems are resistant to natural disasters.
32
What is the significance of the site of Wilamaya Patjxa (Andes, Peru)?
Has evidence of Andean agricultural strategy focused on crop development.
Marks the start of an ancient trade route through the Peruvian Andes.
Female burial with projectile points challenges 'man the hunter' theory.
Major Inca administrative center and trade hub
33
Earth’s climate is a …system. Fill in the gap.
Water powered system
Dynamic system
Solar powered system
Wind powered system
34
Which of the following is NOT an example of internal dynamics determining Earth's climate?
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Indian Ocean Dipole
Volcanic eruptions
Pacific Decadal Oscillation
35
What century does the Justinian plague date to?
8th
6th
7th
5th
36
Which of the following does NOT impact Earth's climate?
Earthquakes
Orbital forcing
Solar variations
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
37
What is a keystone species?
A species that only lives in natural ecosystems
Any animal that is the largest or most dominant predator in an ecosystem.
A species that plays a critical & foundational role in an ecosystem
A species that has no significant influence on the environment
38
Floppy ears, small size, and changes in endocrine system are examples of what?
Climate-related adaptations in wild animals
Natural selection in the wild
Domestication syndrome
Examples of evolutionary adaptations to harsh, wild environments

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