Since 1972, high school __________.

girls’ sports participation has increased

An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to __________.

view their parents as “just people”

In early pretending, __________.

toddlers use only realistic objects

For most young people, identity development __________.

is a process of exploration followed by commitment

Piaget __________ preschoolers’ __________.

overestimated; animistic beliefs

Jason, a late-maturing boy, is likely to __________.

experience transient emotional difficulties

Which self-description is 10-year-old Destiny the most likely to use?

“I’m smart in certain subjects like math and science.”

The hippocampus plays a vital role in __________.

memory and spatial understanding

Per Erikson, preschoolers’ play and efforts to master new tasks break down when they _____.

are threatened, criticized, & punished excessively by adults

Girls __________ are more likely to develop lesbian or bisexual orientations.

exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens/estrogens

Which college student is the most likely to show improvements in propositional thought?

Cali, who took a science course

Studies show that most adolescents __________.

are badly informed about how to protect themselves from STIs

Language skills __________.

expand at an astonishing pace in early childhood

Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child’s morality is __________.

externally controlled by adults

Parents who patiently point out features of a task & suggest strategies have children who ____.

more often monitor their own performance

Which preschooler is most likely to be shunned by agemates?

Chance, a boy who wears nail polish

Identity-diffused individuals __________.

are not actively trying to reach values and goals

College students who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning.

are more aware of social diversity

Which statement about cell phones and the Internet is true?

Girls call their friends more often than boys.

By second to third grade, ________ strongly predict(s) later vocabulary size into high school.

reading comprehension and reading habits

Individuals in identity moratorium __________.

have not yet made definite commitments

Identity-foreclosed individuals __________.

display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style

Gilligan argues that Kohlberg’s theory of moral understanding __________.

does not adequately represent the morality of girls/women

The first outward sign of puberty is __________.

a rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt

For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere __________.

is especially active between 3 & 6 years and then levels off

Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she __________.

engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action

Spatial skills __________.

develop gradually over childhood and adolescence

studbud

Exam 2: Childhood and Adolescence

100 termsStudBud Administration335 plays

A review for human development of #earlychildhood #middlechildhood #adolescence

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Questions 100

Answers

1
One of the most common nutritional problems of adolescence is __________ deficiency.
folic acid
calcium
iron
zinc
2
Since 1972, high school __________.
girls get more encouragement in sports than boys
boys’ sports participation has fallen short of girls’
girls get recognition for athletic achievement than boys
girls’ sports participation has increased
3
An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to __________.
view their parents as “just people”
solve problems less efficiently
idealize their parents
rely more on parental support
4
In early pretending, __________.
children become detached participants
toddlers combine schemes with those of peers
toddlers use only realistic objects
children imagine objects without any real-world support
5
For most young people, identity development __________.
is a process of exploration followed by commitment
is traumatic and disturbing
is complete by the end of high school
leaves them unprepared for the challenges of adulthood
6
Piaget __________ preschoolers’ __________.
underestimated; egocentrism
underestimated; magical thinking
overestimated; abstract thinking
overestimated; animistic beliefs
7
Jason, a late-maturing boy, is likely to __________.
experience transient emotional difficulties
be viewed by both adults and peers as self-confident
be involved in more bad behaviors than early-maturing boys
report more psychological stress than early-maturing boys
8
Which self-description is 10-year-old Destiny the most likely to use?
“I never say mean things.”
“I like horses and I’m always good.”
“I run fast and always win races.”
“I’m smart in certain subjects like math and science.”
9
The hippocampus plays a vital role in __________.
processing emotional information
sustained, controlled attention
memory and spatial understanding
balance and control of body movement
10
Per Erikson, preschoolers’ play and efforts to master new tasks break down when they _____.
have an overly lenient superego
identify too strongly with the other-sex parent
identify too strongly with the same-sex parent
are threatened, criticized, & punished excessively by adults
11
Contemporary research suggests that the storm-and-stress notion of adolescence __________.
holds true in the Western world
is greatly understated
neglects biological influence
is exaggerated
12
According to Sternberg’s theory, the ability to solve novel problems involves __ intelligence.
practical
creative
analytical
emotional
13
Erica’s friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to 10. Erica is using ____.
mastery-oriented attributions
emotion-centered coping
learned helplessness
problem-centered coping
14
By _______, children can set aside their current state of mind and take a future perspective.
the end of the preschool years
the end of the first year
age 2
age 3
15
Girls __________ are more likely to develop lesbian or bisexual orientations.
exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens/estrogens
who are gender-deviant in dress or behavior
who have a higher-than-average number of older brothers
who are later in birth order
16
Which college student is the most likely to show improvements in propositional thought?
Cedric, who took a history course
Lakenya, who took a writing course
Cali, who took a science course
Dong, who took an art course
17
Two-year-old Christoph can probably __________.
tie his shoes
use a fork effectively
pedal and steer a tricycle
use a spoon effectively
18
Sonja, age 15, is likely to say that the most important characteristic of friendship is ______.
shared interests
intimacy
shared activities
mutual friends
19
Once children have a sense of autonomy, they become __________ than they were as toddlers.
less active
more willful
more filled with self-doubt
less contrary
20
Studies show that most adolescents __________.
overestimate their own susceptibility to STIs
are unaware of basic facts about HIV and AIDS
are better informed about other STIs than about HIV and AIDS
are badly informed about how to protect themselves from STIs
21
__________ are especially susceptible to television violence.
Preschoolers
Young teens
Older teens
Ten- to 12-year-olds
22
Language skills __________.
expand at an astonishing pace in early childhood
peak during adolescence
develop gradually during early childhood
are usually located in the right hemisphere
23
__________ is linked to early and frequent teenage sexual activity.
Childhood impulsivity
Small family size
Late pubertal timing
Family religious involvement
24
Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child’s morality is __________.
externally controlled by adults
regulated by inner standards
motivated by a fear of retribution
driven by compassionate concern
25
According to Piaget, young children are not capable of __________.
dual representation
animistic thinking
operations
egocentrism
26
Parents who patiently point out features of a task & suggest strategies have children who ____.
less often use cognitive self-regulation skills
more often passively approach new tasks
more often monitor their own performance
less often discuss ways to approach problems
27
Compared with preschoolers, school-age children __________.
resolve conflicts less effectively
use less persuasion and compromise
are more physically aggressive
engage in more prosocial acts
28
Kids of ___ parents are likely to react with hostility when angry & use force to get their way.
uninvolved
authoritative
authoritarian
permissive
29
Which preschooler is most likely to be shunned by agemates?
Dominique, a girl who enjoys art
Chance, a boy who wears nail polish
Avery, a boy who plays with building blocks
Rena, a girl who wears cowboy boots
30
Identity-diffused individuals __________.
feel a sense of psychological well-being
are not actively trying to reach values and goals
often reject their parents’ values and goals
have committed themselves to values without exploring
31
College students who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning.
are more aware of social diversity
report fewer close friendships
have fewer cross-race friendships
have more like-minded friends
32
Research shows that declines in well-being following divorce are greatest for __________.
mothers of school-age children
mothers of young children
custodial fathers
noncustodial fathers
33
Which statement about cell phones and the Internet is true?
Boys more often use social media sites to share information.
Boys text their friends more often than girls.
Girls are more avid gamers with friends than boys.
Girls call their friends more often than boys.
34
Fourteen-year-old Wesley’s self-esteem is likely to __________ from mid- to late adolescence.
remain stable
fluctuate a lot
decline
rise
35
By second to third grade, ________ strongly predict(s) later vocabulary size into high school.
exposure to English-only education
reading comprehension and reading habits
having a grasp of irony and sarcasm
exposure to at least 50,000 words per year
36
Which parenting style is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?
authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
uninvolved
37
Individuals in identity moratorium __________.
are committed to clearly formulated self-chosen values
are not actively trying to reach goals or values
have committed themselves to values without exploring
have not yet made definite commitments
38
Initially, the most common type of aggression is __________.
proactive
active
reactive
hostile
39
Charlotte lives in the United States. At 15 years of age, she most likely __________.
is experiencing a period of rapid pubertal change
anticipates full assumption of her adult role
has achieved her full adult appearance
is in middle adolescence
40
3 year old Lee says, “I Lee. I a girl. I run fast. I like yellow.” Lee is developing _____.
a self-concept
emotional competence
self-regulation
a moral self
41
Identity-foreclosed individuals __________.
display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style
display an active, information-gathering style
doubt that anything can ever be known with certainty
seek out and carefully evaluate information
42
Gilligan argues that Kohlberg’s theory of moral understanding __________.
does not adequately represent the morality of girls/women
does not adequately represent the morality of boys and men
overemphasizes the role of emotion in moral judgment
shows that there are no sex differences in moral reasoning
43
__________ are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits.
Egocentric views
Pessimistic views
Interdependent attitudes
Perspective-taking skills
44
The first outward sign of puberty is __________.
changes in physical features related to sexual functioning
extreme moodiness, particularly toward adults
a rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt
steady improvement in gross-motor performance
45
In diverse Western cultures, parent‒child disputes over ____ increase during the teenage years.
cultural values
social conventions
moral situations
personal affairs
46
As muscles adapt to an enlarging skeleton, children often experience __________.
a decrease in flexibility
nighttime “growing pains”
faster growth in the upper portions of the body
a decreasing desire for physical exercise
47
For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere __________.
peaks by 1 and 3 years and decreases throughout childhood
is especially active between 3 & 6 years and then levels off
shows slow activity throughout early and middle childhood
shows a slight growth spurt between ages 8 and 10
48
Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she __________.
works with art materials by herself
only does puzzles or builds with blocks
talks to imaginary friends
engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action
49
Spatial skills __________.
are typically housed in the left hemisphere
support children’s improved executive function
increase exponentially in early childhood
develop gradually over childhood and adolescence
50
Genetic heritability of left-handedness is __________.
nil
modest to high
very high
weak to modest
51
The leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations is __________.
malnutrition
unintentional injuries
childhood diseases
diarrhea
52
Which child is the most likely to describe herself as “shy,” “outgoing,” & “a smart airhead?”
10-year-old Demarcus
19-year-old Cris
13-year-old Evangelina
16-year-old Lashawn
53
To test for ____, Piaget had children arrange sticks of many lengths from shortest to longest.
reversibility
decentration
seriation
classification
54
In making decisions, teenagers __________.
are more effective than adults when they inhibit emotion
take far greater risks than adults in their twenties
are more effective than adults under unemotional conditions
are more likely than adults to avoid potential losses
55
Which child is the most likely to get his or her permanent teeth first?
Jack, a boy of average weight
Brooke, an obese girl
Sasha, an undernourished girl
Malik, an undernourished boy
56
Raylynne is well-liked by all of her classmates. She probably has high __________.
academic competence
social self-esteem
athletic competence
learned helplessness
57
Which statement about adolescent mothers is true?
They are less likely to divorce if they do marry
They are unlikely to experience pregnancy complications.
They have unrealistically low expectations of their infants.
Very few give up their infants for adoption.
58
Changes in __________ and __________ set the stage for developing a unified personal identity.
self-concept; self-esteem
moods; abilities
the id; the superego
cognitive styles; attachment security
59
Ten-year-old Lakisha is likely to experience __________, even when no adult is present.
guilt for any mishap
pride in a new accomplishment
helplessness upon failure
intense shame over a transgression
60
__________ contributes to preschoolers’ improved emotional self-regulation.
Family size
Language
Authoritarian child rearing
Permissive child rearing
61
Between the ages of 2 and 6, __________.
girls continue to be taller & more muscular than boys
approximately 45 new epiphyses emerge in the skeleton
differences in body size become less apparent than infancy
children grow more quickly than in infancy and toddlerhood
62
The process of identity formation typically involves __________.
in-depth exploration and reconsideration
making solid commitments
moving from a lower to a higher status
selecting a status that remains stable
63
Tim suffered damage to the cerebellum. Tim will most likely display both ____ and ___ deficits.
cognitive; social
emotional; problem-solving
motor; cognitive
emotional; motor
64
As their self-concepts develop, preschoolers become __________.
less sensitive to blame or the possibility of such feedback
more sensitive to praise or the possibility of such feedback
more likely to feel intense shame after success
less likely to experience self-conscious emotions
65
Tom tries hard & enjoys science. He thinks math is good as well. Tom likely has ___ competence.
low academic
high athletic
high academic
low athletic
66
Four-year-old Jamal is likely to consider __________ as more wrong than __________.
eating ice cream with his fingers; stealing an apple
burping at the table; cheating at a game
failing to say “please”; lying
stealing an eraser; licking his plate
67
Which factor is likely to strengthen moral identity?
civic engagement
permissive parenting
authoritarian parenting
like-minded peer groups
68
The largest subtype of rejected children is rejected-__________ children.
aggressive
withdrawn
prosocial
passive
69
Parents who __________ interfere with the development of autonomy.
monitor their teens’ daily activities
are psychologically controlling
permit teens to explore ideas
are authoritative
70
Many poverty-stricken U.S. children __________.
receive free oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
don't receive full immunization until it's needed for school
suffer from impairments due to persistent diarrhea
are shorter in height due to persistent diarrhea
71
To preschoolers, __________.
friendship is a relationship based on mutual trust
friendship has a long-term enduring quality
a friend is someone who understands your thoughts & feelings
a friend is someone “who likes you”
72
At the rear and base of the brain is the __________.
amygdala
cerebellum
hippocampus
cerebral cortex
73
According to Piaget, 12-year-old Bula __________.
can “operate on operations”
does not yet have the capacity for abstract thinking
cannot separate the effects of variables
probably starts with reality when problem solving
74
Early-maturing European-American girls tend to report a __________.
more positive body image than their late-maturing agemates
more positive body image than early-maturing boys
positive attitude about their physical appearance
less positive body image than their on-time agemates
75
Gains in perspective taking permit the transition to __________.
solitary play
informal outdoor play
rule-oriented games
parallel play
76
With the transition to early childhood, many children __________.
have an increase in appetite due to slowed growth
become unpredictable, picky eaters
need larger quantities of food than adults require
require different nutrients than adults for a healthy diet
77
Poor emotional regulators __________ often display __________.
more; altruistic behavior
less; prosocial behavior
more; sympathetic concern
less; personal distress
78
By age 5, boys __________ than girls.
have better balance
can hop and skip better
can broad-jump slightly farther
have better precision of movement
79
The more preschoolers play with same-sex partners, the __________.
more peers criticize them
greater their opportunities for cross-gender play
more their tolerance for “gender-inappropriate” activities
more their behavior becomes gender-typed
80
According to the Flynn effect, __________.
IQ shows significant fluctuations over the lifespan
IQs increase steadily from one generation to the next
heredity plays a sizable role in the black–white IQ gap
societal modernization has no impact on IQ scores
81
Sophisticated metacognitive understanding is vital for __________.
concrete operations
conservation of number
seriation and classification
scientific reasoning
82
Empathy __________.
always yields acts of kindness and helpfulness
leads to feelings of sorrow for another’s plight
serves as a motivator of prosocial behavior
is expressed more in toddlerhood than in the preschool years
83
Four-year-old Mona’s parents use inductive discipline. As a result, Mona is ___ likely to ____.
more; ignore damage after misdeeds
more; display prosocial behavior
less; refrain from wrongdoing
less; confess after misdeeds
84
By age 4 to 5, __________.
growth in the prefrontal cortex slows to near-adult levels
the brain increases from 40% to 60% of its adult weight
many parts of the cerebral cortex have overproduced synapses
synaptic pruning slows or ends
85
Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.
an ideal self
learned helplessness
a realistically oriented view of ability
mastery-oriented attributions
86
Adolescents with __________ tend to be anxious and unfocused.
high athletic self-esteem
positive peer relationships
low physical appearance self-esteem
poor academic self-esteem
87
__________ disrupts the brain’s regulation of hunger and metabolism.
Reduced sleep
Using screen media
Frequent eating out
Self-regulation
88
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, __________ motivates moral behavior.
modeling
fear of punishment
induction
temperament
89
For boys, voice change usually takes place __________.
before spermarche
12 to 18 months after puberty ends
before any other signs of puberty
at the peak of the growth spurt
90
The information-processing perspective __________.
focuses on overall cognitive change
doesn't consider biological influences on cog. development
applies only to children in cultures having formal schooling
examines separate aspects of thinking
91
__________ strongly predicts children’s social competence in early childhood.
Birth order
Teacher sensitivity
Permissive parenting
Time spent in structured activities
92
Individuals with bulimia nervosa usually __________.
lose between 25 and 50 percent of their body weight
feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits
deny or minimize the seriousness of the disorder
have overprotective and controlling parents
93
Research shows that __ predicts school performance, as measured by grades, better than IQ does.
self-discipline
the size of the cerebral cortex
emotional intelligence
SES
94
The pituitary gland releases hormones that __________.
enhance memory
induce growth
coordinate movement
help us find our way
95
Female puberty usually concludes with __________.
menarche
the peak height spurt
the completion of breast growth
the peak weight spurt
96
Sexual attitudes in North America are __________.
relatively restrictive
very open
very restrictive
relatively open
97
In industrialized nations, age of menarche __________ per decade from 1900 to 1970.
increased by about 3 to 4 months
declined by about 5 to 6 months
increased by about 1 to 2 months
declined by about 3 to 4 months
98
Throughout adolescence, __________ is the single most consistent predictor of mental health.
clique membership
the quality of the parent–child relationship
moral development
academic achievement
99
Moral reasoning typically progresses to Kohlberg’s higher stages the longer a person _______.
attends church
is alive
remains in school
is employed
100
Mia was born with too little thyroxine. She did not receive treatment. Mia is most likely ___.
intellectually disabled
extremely tall for her age
growing at a normal rate
strong in spatial relationship skills

Exam 2: Childhood and Adolescence Flashcards | StudBud