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PHARM II- Practical use of Antibiotics Flashcards | StudBud
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PHARM II- Practical use of Antibiotics
PHARM II- Practical use of Antibiotics
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34 cards
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Questions
34
Answers
1
What does picking the right antibiotic for a patient depend on?
Checking antimicrobial susceptibility to ensure the drug will work
Deciding between time dependent versus concentration dependent killing
2
What is a low molecular weight substance produced by a microorganism that at low conc inhibits or kills microorganisms?
Antibiotic
Antimicrobial
3
What route of administration of antibiotics is preferred in livestock and horses?
Oral
IV
SQ
IM
4
A plus to the antimicrobial test is that it provides information on the persistent effects of antimicrobials
True
False
5
What are concerns with antimicrobial susceptibility testing regarding the immune response?
the test includes too many host factors for the antibiotic to work
the test does not include host factors (phagocytes, Ab, complement)
6
Which of the following are co dependent drugs?
Buprenorphine
Tetracyclines
Ketolides
Procaine
Glycopeptides
Sotalol
7
What does picking the right dose of antibiotic depend on?
How old the patient is
What breed the animal is
PK/PD modeling
taking time versus concentration dependent drugs into consideration
8
What mode of killing is based on the length of time bacteria are exposed to a drug above MIC?
Time dependent killing
Concentration dependent killing
9
The right route of administration of antibiotics depends on the onset of action, PK, and the status of the patient
False
True
10
What is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent required to kill a pathogen?
Minimum bactericidal concentration
Minimum inhibitory concentration
Minimum activation concentration
Minimum bacteriostatic concentration
11
What is the main concern with antimicrobial susceptibility testing?
It is highly inaccurate
in-vitro growth conditions differ in many ways from those occuring in-vivo
these methods are standardized
12
What influences the dose selection and estimation of susceptibility breakpoints in antibiotics?
PK/PD targets (inhibit or kill)
AST
13
What does the right duration of antibiotics depend on?
site of infection
potential for re-infection
pathophysiology of disease
time dependent(long) VS concentration dependent killing(short) antibiotics
14
What is the epidemiological cut off value?
obtained from pre-clinical pharmacokinetic data
The highest MIC for bacteria free of detectable acquired antimic resistance
directly related to clinical outcomes & requires specific investigations
Defines the upper end of the wild-type bacteria MIC distribution
15
What is an antimicrobial?
Any substance that kills or inhibits growth of a microorganism(not to host)
Any substance that kills bacteria only
Any substance that kills viruses only
Any substance that kills fungi only
16
Which of the following is not a concentration dependent drug?
Polymyxins
none of these are concentration dependent
Nitromidazoles
Fluoroquinolones
Aminoglycosides
These are all Concentration dependent
17
In the test the goal is growth inhibition whereas the therapeutic goal is to kill the antimicrobial agent in most cases
True
False
18
In concentration dependent killing, rate of killing increases as drug conc increases above the MIC
True
False
19
Patients with compromised immune function may need lower doses of antibiotics to fight infection
False
True
20
What is the PK/PD cut off value?
obtained from pre-clinical pharmacokinetic data
directly related to clinical outcomes & requires specific investigations
Defines the upper end of the wild-type bacteria MIC distribution
An MIC to define pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic breakpoints
21
Which of the following is not a Time dependent drug?
Ketolides
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Macrolides
Sulphonamides
Lincosamides
22
What are concerns with antimicrobial susceptibility testing regarding concentrations of antimicrobials?
concentrations of microbes are fixed over the time of incubation in-vitro
in-vitro concentrations fluctuate
Concentrations in vivo are fixed with intermittent dosing
in-vivo there are fluctuating concentrations with intermittent dosing
23
If an animal has a fungal infection they should be prescribed antibiotics
False
True
24
What are antibiotics described as if they inhibit only gram positive or gram negative bacteria?
Narrow spectrum
Broad spectrum
25
What drug characteristics of antibiotics are important drivers of efficacy?
Optimal dosing
Pharmacokinetics
Bacteriostatic antibiotics
Tissue penetration
Bactericidal antibiotics
26
What else can the in-vitro test be unable to describe?
the MIC for an antibiotic
The impact of a drug on a pathogens virulence factors (anchoring, invasion)
27
What mode of killing has a longer treatment?
Time dependent
Concentration dependent
28
What are the 3 important parameters used to assess a clinical breakpoint?
An epidemiological cut off value (ECOFF)
PK/PD cut-off
Clinical cut off value (specific in vet med)
29
Clinical breakpoints aid in effective Tx of bacterial infections and prevention of antimicrobial resistance
False
True
30
A drugs bactericidal activities can vary with pH, O2 content, and intracellular enzymatic activity
False
True
31
What is the clinical cut off value?
directly related to clinical outcomes & requires specific investigations
obtained from pre-clinical pharmacokinetic data
Defines the upper end of the wild-type bacteria MIC distribution
MIC related to clinical outcomes (if the drug works or not)
32
What can the level of antimicrobial killing (dose) determined by PK/PD targets influence?
Cost (High dose means more money)
Patients response to the drug (good or bad)
Safety (both to animal species and human food safety)
Potential risk of antimicrobial drug resistance (if not at the right dose)
33
When does the most important concern for antimicrobial susceptibility testing arise?
When no animal species and infection specific veterinary CBPs are available
When no ECOFF’s are available
34
Broad spectrum antibiotics inhibit both gram negative and gram positive bacteria
True
False
