In what way does Anna Sorokin illustrate the psychological nature of the Self?

By showing the Self can be constructed in multiple ways to mislead others

Which was NOT a change introduced by Burger (2009) for his partial replication of Milgram’s obedience experiments

Participants were not paid for taking part

Which of the following is NOT a weakness of introspection?

Potential to complicate causality

The individual as the object of conscious reflections

Bem’s (1972) self-perception theory suggests

When people are unsure of how they feel, they will look at their behaviour

What are meta perspectives?

Each party's opinion of what the Other thinks about X

Which statement best describes the actor-observer effect?

We attribute our own behaviour to external causes and others to internal

Which of the following best represents group efficacy?

A group’s shared belief in the ability to achieve its goal

What is kinship selection?

An evolutionary urge to favour those with closer genetics

What is bad world-making?

Distorted knowledge affecting the view of the world

According to Allport (1954), the four optimal conditions for reducing prejudice are:

Acquaintance, equal status, cooperation, normative climate

What do cross-cultural psychologists examine?

Differences and similarities between cultures

An attitude or orientation that devalues a group

What are attributions?

Explaining the behaviour we see in others, Making inferences about the behaviours of others

The study by Little and Perrett (2007) examined...

Trait judgements using averaged face stimuli

What does the “foot-in-the-door” technique involve?

Starting with a small request and moving to a bigger request

What is the Minimal Group Paradigm?

The minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur

What are the main limitations of the Correspondent Inference Theory?

Overly focused on personal factors, Limited empirical support

The view from outside the group

Which of these is NOT a reason that relationships important to social psychology?

The effects of social inclusion

Adorno et al. (1950) argued for:

Personality based explanation of prejudice

According to the Social Dominance Theory (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999), legitimizing myths are:

The idea that social order is maintained by discrimination, Consensual values, attitudes, beliefs or cultural ideologies

What is the Proteus effect?

Infer expectations around behaviour from avatar’s appearance

According to some social psychological research, why do we tend to commit the fundamental attribution error?

Because it is the least cognitively complex option

What are direct perspectives?

What the Self and Other think of X

According to Klein (1997), which of the following is most likely to lead to happiness following an exam?

Achieving a low score that is above average

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Social Psychology Revision

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Answers

1
In what way does Anna Sorokin illustrate the psychological nature of the Self?
Through writing an important peer reviewed meta analysis of the Self
By giving a keynote lecture on the topic of the Self at UCLA
By showing the Self can be constructed in multiple ways to mislead others
With a pen and paper
2
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive technology?
Notebooks
Microscopes
Drill
Steam engine
3
Which was NOT a change introduced by Burger (2009) for his partial replication of Milgram’s obedience experiments
The participant was given a 15-volt shock
The role of the experimenter was played by a clinical psychologist
The experiment ended after the administration of the 150-volt shock
Participants were not paid for taking part
4
Which of the following research methods are used for studying interpersonal relationships?
Observation
All of the above
Experiments
Interaction-based methods
5
Which of the following is NOT a weakness of introspection?
Potential for inaccurate reflections
Potential to overestimate positive aspects
Potential to complicate causality
Potential to repress unwanted thoughts
6
What is the self?
A reflection of the individual from society
The individual as the object of conscious reflections
All of the above
The individual's behaviour in society
7
Categorisation is an important tenet for:
Both
Authoritarian Personality Theory
Neither
Social Identity Theory
8
Bem’s (1972) self-perception theory suggests
None of the above
When people are unsure of how they feel, they will look at their behaviour
People are always intrinsically motivated
People are always extrinsically motivated
9
What are meta perspectives?
Each party's opinion of what the Other thinks about X
Each party's opinion of what X thinks of the Self
Each party's opinion of what X thinks about the Other
Each party's opinion of what the Self thinks of X
10
Which statement best describes the actor-observer effect?
We are more influence by our first impressions of people
We attribute our positive traits to internal and our negative to external
We are subject to the influence of in-group biases
We attribute our own behaviour to external causes and others to internal
11
Which of the following best represents group efficacy?
A group’s shared belief in the ability to achieve its goal
A group's perceived capability to perform
All of the above
Pragmatic and instrumental aspects of collective action
12
Do video games cause violent real-world behaviour?
No
Cause and effect cannot be established
Yes
Mixed results
13
Which of the following describes an approach to relationships focused on gaining rewards and avoiding punishments?
Social exchange approaches
Cognitive-behavioural approaches
Attachment approaches
Evolutionary approaches
14
What are some causes of injustice?
All of the above
Capitalism
Loss of freedom and rights
Repressive laws
15
Which of the following is NOT a reason why people don’t intervene?
Human affiliation
Diffusion of responsibility
Audience inhibition
Pluralistic ignorance
16
Which of the following options best described the conclusions of Burger’s (2009) study?
The disobedient modelled situation did not make it easier to disobey
No evidence of gender differences
All of the above
No evidence of a decline in obedience
17
Is the social world bad for us?
No simple answer
Maybe
Yes
No
18
Which form of social identity best predicts collective action?
Personal identity
Group indentification
Politicised identity
All the above
19
What is kinship selection?
An evolutionary urge to favour those with closer genetics
Evolution of prosocial trading that strengthens the group
Expectation that our helpfulness will be returned in the future
None of the above
20
What is bad world-making?
Neither of these
Distorted knowledge affecting the view of the world
Making the world a bad place
Both of these
21
What is Emic?
None of the above
The view from outside the group
The view of the group
The view from within the group
22
According to Allport (1954), the four optimal conditions for reducing prejudice are:
Acquaintance, equal status, cooperation, normative climate
Perspective taking, equal status, cooperation, normative climate
Extended contact, equal status, cooperation, normative climate
Extended contact, unequal status. cooperation, normative climate
23
What do cross-cultural psychologists examine?
Differences and similarities between cultures
Organisational cultures
The meaning within cultures
Toxic cultures
24
The process of bystanders feeling too incompetent to help and fearing embarrassment in front of others is called:
The bystander effect
Diffusion of responsbility
Audience inhibition
Pluralistic ignorance
25
What is prejudice?
An attitude or orientation that devalues a group
Explicit displays of negative behaviour
All of the above
Expression of negative affect
26
What are attributions?
Explaining the behaviour we see in others
Making inferences about the behaviours of others
Describing the behaviour of the Other
None of the above
27
Social psychology is the study of:
Group behaviour
How people think in social situations
All of the above
Social behaviour
28
Which of the following is not a factor differentiating prejudice reduction and collective action:
Collective identificaiton
Salience of category membership
Perceived group boundaries
Sense of agency
29
The study by Little and Perrett (2007) examined...
Attribution using a trait-based approach
Attribution using averaged face stimuli
Trait judgements using natural face stimuli
Trait judgements using averaged face stimuli
30
What does the “foot-in-the-door” technique involve?
Starting with a small request and moving to a bigger request
Offering only one option
Starting with a large request and moving to a smaller request
Maintaining the same view repeatedly within a group
31
The self expansion model is the idea that people seek to expand their individual sense of self
True
False
32
The beliefs that comprise the cognitive component of prejudice are called:
Schemata generalisations
Discrimination
Hate
Stereotypes
33
What is the Minimal Group Paradigm?
The minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur
The minimal conditions required for resolution of conflict
The minimal conditions required for peace between groups
None of the above
34
A significant shift in helping behaviour research is the appreciation of the importance of:
Outgroup influence
Group processes
Macro-level analysis
Meso-level analysis
35
What are the main limitations of the Correspondent Inference Theory?
Overly focused on personal factors
Stereotypes
Limited empirical support
All of the above
36
What is Etic?
None of the above
The view of the group
The view from outside the group
The view from within the group
37
Which of the following best corresponds to the definition of altruistic behaviour:
Is defined by society as being beneficial to others
Is driven by exclusively egoistic concerns
Is performed as an end itself
All of the above
38
According to Henrich et al. (2010), what percentage of participants from the studies selected were WEIRD?
76%
56%
96%
36%
39
Which is NOT one of the principles on which relationships are based, according to relational models theory?
Equality matching
Mutual respect
Communal sharing
Authority ranking
40
Which of these is NOT a reason that relationships important to social psychology?
Learning and development
The effects of social inclusion
Need for human affiliation
Social support and wellbeing
41
Adorno et al. (1950) argued for:
Cultural explanation of prejudice
Personality based explanation of prejudice
Genetic explanation of prejudice
Social explanation of prejudice
42
According to the Social Dominance Theory (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999), legitimizing myths are:
The desire for hierarchical group relations
The idea that social order is maintained by discrimination
Beliefs that outcomes in society should be allocated according to merit
Consensual values, attitudes, beliefs or cultural ideologies
43
Hofstede et al.’s (1980) pioneering study on cross-cultural differences used data from where?
IBM
Microsoft
All of the above
Psychological journals
44
What did Zeigler-Hill et al. (2013) use as the apparent punishment in their partial replication of Milgram
Negative verbal feedback
Participation in mundane tasks
Noise blasts
Electric shocks
45
What is the generalised Other?
Our expected role in society
Knowing how to behave
All of the above
Ability to understand different viewpoints
46
Who did Cartwright (1979) think was the most important person in the history of social psychology?
Milgram
Allport
Hitler
Lewin
47
What is the Proteus effect?
Infer attitudes from observing behaviour
The person you are scared of becoming
The person you would like to be
Infer expectations around behaviour from avatar’s appearance
48
According to some social psychological research, why do we tend to commit the fundamental attribution error?
Because of the self-serving bias
Because it is the least cognitively complex option
Because of group affiliation
Because of the perceptual salience of the observed person
49
According to Batson (1994), the different motivations guiding helping behaviour are:
Collectivism and egoism
Principlism and altruism
Collectivism and altruism
Collectivism and principlism
50
What are direct perspectives?
What X thinks of the Self and Other
What the Self thinks of the Other
What the Self and Other think of X
What the Other thinks of the Self
51
According to Klein (1997), which of the following is most likely to lead to happiness following an exam?
Achieving a low score that is above average
Achieving an average score
Achieving a high score that is below average
Achieving a low score that is below average
52
What is collective action?
Neither of the above
Action taken together by a group whose goal is to enhance their condition
Both of the above
People working to achieve social change
53
Why did Homo-Sapiens outlive Neanderthals?
Bigger brains for making weapons
They have a larger cerebellum
Better visual-motor skills
Superior strength for hunting
54
What is intersubjectivity?
Shared psychological space that is created through communication
The concept of personality created by others
All of the above
Being a unique member in society
55
Which of the following is a situational factor influencing attractiveness judgements?
Closing-time effect
Closeness
Passion
Intimacy
56
Name one of the Love Attitudes Scale facets?
Eros
All of the above
Ludus
Storge
57
What is world-making?
The Big Bang
None of the above
Creating your own universe
The making of societies
58
The social comparison theory does not involve evaluation of oneself
False
True
59
What is one resolution of the authoritarian personality?
Negative feelings are displaced onto weaker groups
Scapegoating
Parents are loved and respected
All of the above
60
What is the dynamic self?
The self that is expressed is highly variable and socially contextualised
All of the above
We do not passively absorb social feedback, we actively interpret/create it
You develop a sense of who you are through your interactions with others
61
Which of these is a key function of social norms?
All of the above
Evaluative – violating norms leads to negative responses
Coordinate individual behaviour
Reduce uncertainty about how to behave
62
What is neurodiversity?
A term that describes a natural range in neurotypes across a population
A term that describe high IQ minds
A term that describes only autistic people
A term that describes minds which should be viewed as abnormal
63
What was a main finding of White British Muslims managing their identity in different contexts Amer (2020)?
That they present themselves as always Muslim
That they use deliberate moments of misrecognition to avoid potential harm
That they present themselves always as White British
Identity challenges are experienced in contexts involving white non-Muslims
64
Which of these is an example of an adjacency pair?
None of the above
“Hi” “Oh hi”
“Hello” “Goodbye”
Now and then
65
Which of the following best defines the interdependent self?
The self is seen in some kind of relation to the Other
The self is not connected to the Other
None of the above
The self is completely fluid
66
What is the Social Dominance Theory?
Universal tendency to discriminate
System of prejudice in modern day society
A hypothesis for solving discrimination
Human societies tend to be structured as group-based hierarchies
67
What is an ad hominem argument?
When people attack the character of the person instead of their argument
When people refute the arguments of others without any evidence
Explicitly refuting the central point of an argument
Name-calling others
68
What is the Other?
Minority groups
The ways people are different
Any other person
None of the above
69
According to the Social Identity Model of Collective Action the three core factors explaining collective action are:
Group identification, moral convictions and perceived effectiveness
Group identification, moral convictions and group efficacy
Group identification, perceived group based injustice and moral convictions
Group identification, perceived group based injustice and group efficacy
70
According to Cialdini et al. (1987), helping behaviour is a motivation to relieve an unpleasant mood. This is called:
The aversive-mood-relief model
The negative-state-relief model
The five-step-decision-making model
The bystander effect
71
What is a practical technology?
Something that is helpful to society
None of the above
Something used to act on the material world directly
Something used to act on the mind, self or other
72
Which option is NOT a social creativity strategy:
Engaging in downward comparison
Individual mobility
Re-evaluating a negative group attribute
Selecting a new comparison dimension
73
What is the self-construal?
Active construal process
How one would like to see oneself
Motivational biases
View of self that interacts with the environment
74
Which of the following types of ‘love’ is the result of combining high passion and intimacy with low commitment?
Companionate love
Platonic love
Infatuation
Romantic love
75
What is the uncanny valley?
A term that describes successfully passing the Turing test
A sense of unease towards human-like robots
A place in silicon valley
The psychological phenomenon of feeling like you know someone
76
What is culture?
Traditions
Languages
Values
Beliefs
77
Why might contemporary social psychologists be hesitant about using introspection as a methodology?
People only focus on themselves
People sometimes fall asleep when they close their eyes to introspect
People are not conscious of their reasons for doing things
People tend to focus on the negative aspects of themselves
78
What is the Turing test?
A measure of all types of intelligence
A measure of artificial intelligent based on human social intelligence
A measure of human social intelligence based on artificial intelligence
A measure of AI
79
The first social psychological experiment, on facilitation, was done by:
Triplett
Pavlov
Freud
Wundt
80
According to Kelley’s (1967) Covariation model, the following are important in attribution:
Consensus
Distinctiveness
Consistency
All of the above

Social Psychology Revision Flashcards | StudBud