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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Answers
1
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
schema
script
chunk
2
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
3
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
gamma
delta
beta
4
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
5
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
6
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
7
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
unipolar
dissociative
bipolar
8
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
9
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
10
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
direct observation
psychological tests
questionnaires
11
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
12
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
salivation
tone
food/meat powder
13
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
a percentile score
a potential score
mental age
14
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 1
REM
stage 4
15
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
16
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
extinction
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
17
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
cochlea
stirrup
oval window
18
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
19
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
20
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
21
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the experimental group
the observational group
22
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
23
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
24
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
25
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
26
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
a headache
been dreaming
27
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
28
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in openness
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
29
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
30
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
cultural direction
schematizing
cognitive structuring
31
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
32
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
33
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
cognition
introspection
mentalism
34
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
compensation
displacement
fixation
35
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
anxiety
personality
schizophrenic
36
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
similiarity
closure
symmetry
37
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
38
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
39
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
40
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
41
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
42
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
group polarization
deindividuation
conformity
43
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
exposure to light
44
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
45
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
46
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
47
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
48
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
49
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
50
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
law of small numbers
51
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
52
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
classical conditioning
53
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
sensation
perception
consciousness
54
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
55
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
56
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
stereotypes
attributions
self-serving bias
prejudices
57
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
58
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
59
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
humanistic
cognitive
behavioral
60
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
61
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
62
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
physical interaction
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
63
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
64
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
insight
65
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
66
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
smell buds
67
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
68
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
69
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
70
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
71
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
gender roles
72
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
social charm
73
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a projective test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
74
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
marital problems
schizophrenia
75
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
temperament
attachment
personality
76
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
77
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
fear reaction
rat
rabbit
78
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
surprise
sadness
fear
79
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
80
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
reticular formation
limbic system
81
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
thalamus
parietal lobe
pineal gland
82
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
83
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
sensory
long-term
intermediate-term
84
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
85
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
86
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
prenatals
opiates
pathogens
87
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a phobia
a compulsion
a delusion
88
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
sing a song
fear the dark
print letters
89
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
timbre
decibels
loudness
90
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
overextension
91
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
saturation
color
light purity
92
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
93
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
strange situation
94
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
percentiles
means
correlation coefficients
95
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
96
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
97
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
genital
latency
oral
98
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
99
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
antagonists
agonists
action potentials
100
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
101
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
syntax
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
102
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
103
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
limbic system
cerebellum
brainstem
104
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
dopamine
endorphin
serotonin
105
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
106
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
thalamus
thyroid
gonads
107
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
108
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scales
test scores
test levels
109
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
110
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
construct
criterion-related
content
111
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
memory
the endocrine system
112
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
113
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
conformity
groupthink
obedience
114
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
conflict
frustration
pressure
115
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
delusions
hallucinations
illusions
116
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
modeled
encoded
ablated
117
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
118
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
119
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
vitreous humor
iris
lens
120
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
procedural
crystallized
fluid
121
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
122
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
behaviorism
functionalism
123
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
punishment
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
124
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mode
mean
midpoint
125
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
suppression
126
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
127
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
128
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
129
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
130
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
reversibility
conservation
centration
131
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an achievement test
a personality test
an aptitude test
132
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
attention
perception
processing
133
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
134
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
135
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
136
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
social scripts
investment differentiations
parental investments
137
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a sedative
an amphetamine
a narcotic
138
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
139
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
predictability
representativeness
consistency
140
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
cortex
spinal cord
location of injury
141
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
142
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
143
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
144
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
145
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
146
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
longitundinal
cross-sectional
time of testing
147
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
148
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
recall
relearning
recognition
149
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
platonic
phonemic
morphemic
150
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
attributionism
functionalism
collectivism
