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Intro to Psychology Chapters 12 and 13 Flashcards | StudBud
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Intro to Psychology Chapters 12 and 13
What is the Oedipus complex?
Which is an example of rationalization?
Intro to Psychology Chapters 12 and 13
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1
Which is an example of rationalization?
B) Blocking a painful memory
A) Justifying cheating on a test by saying "everyone else does it"
C) Directing anger at a safer target
D) Adopting a new role model
2
What is the Oedipus complex?
A) A boy's unconscious desire for his mother and rivalry with his father
D) Love of adventure and travel
B) A girl’s admiration for her teacher
C) A tendency to imitate peers
3
What is "penis envy" in Freud’s theory?
D) Admiration for strong leaders
B) A girl's sense of loss and resentment over not having a penis
A) Envy of a sibling's talents
C) Fear of punishment by adults
4
Which example shows social comparison?
A) A student feeling proud after seeing they scored higher than classmates
B) A person ignoring their peers
D) A person only setting personal goals without looking at others
C) Someone avoiding all social media
5
Which example shows the false consensus effect?
B) Checking multiple sources before forming an opinion
A) Thinking everyone loves the same TV show as you do
D) Researching facts carefully before a debate
C) Believing your friends all disagree with you
6
What does attribution theory explain?
A) How people decide why others behave the way they do
D) How people learn languages
C) How intelligence develops over time
B) How memories are formed
7
Which example fits attractiveness/resource exchange?
B) A person choosing randomly among many people
C) A friendship based purely on shared hobbies
A) A woman preferring a partner who is kind, stable, and supportive
D) A classmate helping with homework
8
Which of the following is an example of personality?
C) Studying hard for one test
A) A person consistently being outgoing and sociable
D) Cooking dinner
B) Feeling happy one afternoon
9
Which situation illustrates the bystander effect?
D) Police officers arriving quickly to an accident scene
C) A person running away from danger alone
A) Everyone in group assumes someone else will call 911 during an emergency
B) Someone immediately helps a stranger who falls
10
What is stereotype threat?
D) Ignoring how others see you
B) Worrying about confirming a negative stereotype about your group
C) Refusing to believe stereotypes exist
A) Acting better because of a positive stereotype
11
Which factor increased obedience in Milgram’s study?
B) Participants seeing other people disobey
A) The experimenter being distant
C) Being physically close to the authority figure
D) Having to make decisions without any guidance
12
What are defensive attributions?
B) Logical explanations for others' actions
D) Random emotional reactions
A) Judgments made to protect ourselves from feeling vulnerable
C) Guessing reasons for others’ successes
13
Which situation is similar to Asch’s experiment?
B) A student giving their honest opinion without pressure
A) student agreeing with a clearly wrong answer because everyone else does
C) A person leading a group discussion
D) A teacher changing the test answers after feedback
14
Which example reflects a humanistic assumption?
A) A person working hard to achieve a personal dream
B) A person acting out of unconscious anger
C) A person feeling helpless to change
D) A person following strict social norms blindly
15
Which example shows the "halo effect"?
D) Believing a rumor without evidence
C) Disliking someone after one argument
A) Assuming someone is smart because they are attractive
B) Trusting someone because they have a college degree
16
Which is an example of self-serving bias?
B) Always sharing credit with others
A) Taking credit for a team’s success but blaming others for a failure
D) Giving up after small failures
C) Apologizing for mistakes immediately
17
What is informational social influence?
B) Conforming because you believe others have accurate information
C) Conforming due to fear of punishment
A) Conforming to be accepted by others
D) Ignoring others' opinions
18
Which is an example of a lower-level need in Maslow’s hierarchy?
A) Achieving personal goals
C) Expressing creativity
B) Finding safe shelter and food
D) Building strong friendships
19
According to the biological approach, about what percentage of personality is influenced by genetics?
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 90%
20
What are defense mechanisms?
B) Unconscious ways to reduce anxiety by distorting reality
C) Conscious attempts to solve problems
A) Logical strategies for making decisions
D) Techniques for improving memory
21
Which structure of personality operates on the "pleasure principle"?
D) Conscience
C) Superego
A) Ego
B) Id
22
Which example shows stereotype threat?
C) A person choosing to ignore insults
A)student performs worse on math test after reminded of stereotype gender
D) A group working together to solve a problem
B) A student studying extra hard for an exam
23
Which situation shows reciprocal determinism?
B) A person acting based on reflexes
A) student belief in ability affects studying habits and academic success
C) A person making random choices
D) A student never adjusting study habits
24
The trait approach assumes that personality consists of:
B) Broad, enduring dispositions
C) Temporary emotional states
A) Rapidly changing behaviors
D) Cultural traditions
25
Which example demonstrates high conscientiousness?
B) Being spontaneous and carefree
C) Being adventurous and thrill-seeking
D) Being highly emotional
A) Being organized and responsible
26
Which is an example of high self-efficacy?
B) Giving up before trying
D) Assuming success is impossible
C) Avoiding challenges out of fear
A) Believing you can finish a marathon with enough training
27
According to Freud, childhood experiences:
D) Only affect memory skills
B) Have little influence on adulthood
A) Are forgotten and unimportant
C) Shape our personality significantly
28
Which is an example of the fundamental attribution error?
A) Blaming someone's bad driving on personality instead of road condition
C) Assuming traffic jams are random
B) Not noticing how busy the roads are
D) Saying your friend is tired because they worked late
29
What are heuristics in decision-making?
C) Scientific methods for accuracy
D) Steps for deep critical thinking
B) Quick mental shortcuts that sometimes cause errors
A) Careful, slow thought processes
30
In the social cognitive approach, behavior is influenced by:
B) Environment, behavior, and internal factors (reciprocal determinism)
D) Biological instincts
A) Genetics alone
C) Random events
31
According to Maslow, lower-level needs must be met:
A) After self-actualization
D) Through competition
B) Before higher-level needs can be pursued
C) Only if convenient
32
What did Asch’s conformity experiment show?
D) Authority figures are needed for conformity
C) People act independently in all cases
A) People never change their opinions
B) People often conform to group opinions even when they are wrong
33
What is personality?
A) A set of random emotions
B) pattern of enduring thoughts, emotions, behaviors characterize a person
D) Skills and talents
C) Temporary moods and feelings
34
What does parental investment theory suggest about attraction?
A) People choose partners randomly
D) Wealth is the only important factor
B)Physical attractiveness and resource potential both influence mate choice
C) Only emotional connection matters in mate choice
35
What is social psychology?
C) The study of brain structure
D) The study of genetics
B) The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to others
A) The study of emotions
36
Which stage is associated with toilet training?
B) Anal
C) Latency
D) Genital
A) Oral
37
Which example best illustrates the superego?
C) Solving a problem rationally
D) Ignoring emotions completely
B) Acting impulsively without thinking
A) Feeling guilty after lying
38
When do people typically use defense mechanisms?
B) To reduce anxiety and protect self-esteem
D) To improve memory recall
A) To avoid making decisions
C) To plan logical arguments
39
According to the psychodynamic approach, personality is primarily:
B) Rational
A) Conscious
C) Unconscious
D) Learned through rewards
40
What are "conditions of worth" according to Rogers?
D) Physical possessions valued by society
C) Goals people set for themselves
B) Natural talents people are born with
A) Requirements people feel they must meet to be loved and accepted
41
Which example reflects the biological approach?
B) Observing learned behaviors only
A) Studying identical twins raised apart to understand personality similar
C) Focusing on cultural traditions shaping identity
D) Ignoring biological influences completely
42
What is the better-than-average effect?
A) Believing that most people are smarter than you
C) Always feeling average in skills
B) Believing that you are better than the average person
D) Thinking everyone is equal
43
Which is an example of cognitive dissonance?
C) Studying for a test and feeling prepared
B) Buying a new car happily
D) Being surprised by a gift
A) Feel uncomfortable after eating junk food despite believing healthy eat
44
Which is an example of the matching hypothesis?
C) Students matching answers during a test
A) People choosing partners with similar levels of physical attractiveness
B) Friends matching outfits on purpose
D) Employees being matched with random coworkers
45
What does social comparison theory suggest?
D) People never care about others' opinions
B) People evaluate themselves by comparing to others
A) People avoid comparing themselves to others
C) People are completely individualistic
46
What is person perception?
B) How we form impressions and make judgments about others
D) Analyzing physical objects
C) Making decisions with no social influence
A) Judging a situation based on facts only
47
Which example shows a self-fulfilling prophecy?
C) A person changes their mind about someone after meeting them
B) A student gets a bad grade after studying hard
D) A random event happens with no cause
A)teacher believes student is smart gives them extra help, student improve
48
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
D) A decision made by a group leader
C) A prediction that is forgotten
A) An incorrect belief that stays incorrect
B)expectation about person cause them to act in ways make expectation true
49
Which of the following is an example of social psychology?
C) Observing animal behavior in the wild
D) Analyzing memory techniques
B) Measuring brain waves during sleep
A) Studying how people’s opinions change after hearing a group discussion
50
Which is an example of repression?
B) Blaming others for your own mistakes
A) Forgetting a traumatic event unintentionally
C) Taking out anger on a different target
D) Adopting another person's traits
51
What is self-efficacy?
D) Relying only on luck
A) Believing you have no control over outcomes
C) Always comparing yourself to others
B) Believing in your ability to achieve goals
52
Which example shows a defensive attribution?
C) Ignoring a mistake made by a stranger
A) Believing that bad things only happen to careless people to feel safer
B) Taking full responsibility for a car accident
D) Admitting everyone can have bad luck
53
Which three factors strongly influence attraction?
B) Proximity, familiarity, physical attractiveness
D) Status, hobbies, education level
C) Age, nationality, height
A) Popularity, income, style
54
What is normative social influence?
B) Conforming because of strong evidence
D) Rejecting social norms
C) Changing your mind privately
A) Conforming because you want to be liked or fit in
55
What is cognitive dissonance?
C) Understanding someone else’s perspective
B) The discomfort caused by holding two conflicting thoughts
A) Agreeing with everyone easily
D) Being indecisive about a menu choice
56
What is unconditional positive regard?
C) Criticizing others to motivate them
B) Accepting and valuing someone without conditions
D) Withholding support until goals are met
A) Loving someone only if they meet expectations
57
What did Milgram’s study reveal about obedience?
C) Authority has little impact on decisions
B) People often obey authority even if it conflicts with their morals
A) People refuse to harm others no matter what
D) Fear is not a factor in obedience
58
Humanistic psychologists believe people:
C) Are mostly controlled by unconscious urges
D) Are fixed by genetics
A) Are irrational and self-destructive
B) Have free will and strive for personal growth
59
What is the false consensus effect?
B) Thinking no one shares your opinions
A) Believing most people agree with you even when they don't
D) Accurately guessing public opinion
C) Assuming everyone disagrees with you
60
Which example shows the use of a heuristic?
A) Assuming all tall people are good at basketball
D) Solving a math problem with no mistakes
C) Avoiding all stereotypes
B) Spending hours analyzing every decision
61
In Freud's theory, which is the first psychosexual stage?
D) Genital
B) Oral
C) Phallic
A) Anal
62
What are the "Big Five" personality traits?
D) Intelligence, responsibility, confidence, sociability, impulsivity
C) Humor, sadness, kindness, loyalty, anger
B) Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
A) Creativity, curiosity, friendliness, courage, patience
63
Which example shows the trait approach?
B) Expecting behavior to change daily
D) Focusing only on past experiences
A) Believing someone is dependable because they always show up on time
C) Assuming traits are unimportant
64
What is conformity?
D) Refusing to follow trends
B) Changing behavior to match the group
C) Leading a group without influence
A) Ignoring others' opinions
