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Research Method: The Basic Stats (Chapter 11) Flashcards | StudBud
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Research Method: The Basic Stats (Chapter 11)
Research Method: The Basic Stats (Chapter 11)
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1
What does a p-value attached to correlations help determine?
The strength of association between variables
The directionality of the correlation
The causal relationship between variables
The likelihood of obtaining the association by chance
2
In the context of continuous outcomes, what does a confidence interval represent?
Rejection of null hypotheses
Range of likely values for an unknown parameter
Certainty in research
Exact probability of an outcome
3
How does randomness play a role in p-values and experimental outcomes?
P-values measure the likelihood of obtaining results by chance
P-values account for randomness in experiments
Randomness increases the reliability of p-values
Randomness is eliminated in well-controlled experiments
4
How should larger p-values be interpreted in hypothesis testing?
Direct testing of outcomes
Insufficient evidence to support experimental hypothesis
Certainty of experimental hypothesis
Support for the null hypothesis
5
What is a confidence interval associated with in statistics?
Perfect measurements
Probability of an outcome
Confidence level
Rejection of null hypotheses
6
What does a p-value of less than 0.05 indicate in null hypothesis testing?
Certainty of the null hypothesis
Perfect measurements
Rejection of the alternative hypothesis
Random results likely under the null hypothesis
7
In the context of a null hypothesis, what does α=0.05 signify?
The likelihood of committing a Type I error
The reliability of experimental results
The correlation coefficient value
The likelihood of accepting the null hypothesis
8
When flipping an unknown coin 1000 times, what conclusion is drawn if the result aligns with the H0 distribution?
Acceptance of the null hypothesis
Rejection of the null hypothesis
Certainty in research
Building a new distribution
9
What is the purpose of a probability distribution in statistics?
Rejection of null hypotheses
Establishing perfect measurements
Certainty of outcomes
Description of random phenomena
10
How do criminal and civil cases relate to the concepts of alpha and p-values?
Civil liability can be established even with a higher p-value
P-values have the same interpretation in criminal and civil cases
Criminal cases require a higher alpha than civil cases
P-values are not applicable in legal cases
11
Why do statisticians bother with rejecting null hypotheses and setting alpha levels?
Statistics can identify when something is not random
Direct testing is more accurate
Certainty in research is achievable
Statistics can predict all outcomes
12
In the scenario of flipping an unknown coin with 559 tails, what conclusion is drawn about the fairness of the coin?
Rejection of the null hypothesis
Acceptance of the null hypothesis
Certainty in research
Building a new distribution
13
How can correlations be quantified in statistics?
Skewness
Standard Deviation
Pearson Correlation Coefficients (r)
Mode
14
How is the likelihood of a Type II error related to statistical power?
Statistical power is unrelated to Type II errors
Increased statistical power decreases the likelihood of Type II errors
Increased sample size increases the likelihood of Type II errors
Type II errors are independent of statistical power
15
In the scenario of testing loaded dice with p=0.45, what does this result suggest?
Inconclusive evidence of loaded dice
Rejection of the alternative hypothesis
Certainty of loaded dice
Certainty in research
16
Why is it essential to consider controls in correlation studies?
Controls ensure a causal relationship
Controls eliminate the need for p-values
Controls account for randomness in the experiment
Controls increase the correlation coefficient
17
Why is it important to remember that correlation does not prove causation?
Causation is a statistical question
Correlation is a mechanical question
Correlation and causation are always linked
Coincidence often explains correlation
18
What is probability in statistics?
Certain outcomes in scientific inquiry
Certainty of an outcome
Likelihood of an outcome in a random process
Random odds of 50%
19
In the context of an unfair die, what does the null hypothesis (H0) state?
The die is unrelated to the experiment
The die is perfectly measured
The die is significantly biased
The die is fair
20
Where do we use statistics according to the information provided?
As an objective way of interpreting observations
As a subjective way of interpreting observations
In building distributions of results
Only in experimental settings
21
In the "Stylish Snakes" scenario, what does a p-value of 0.01 indicate?
Certainty of random bites
Significantly more bites on silly-sock wearers than expected
A probability distribution of 0.01
Direct testing of snake preferences
22
What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?
Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false
Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
Asserting the presence of a correlation when there is none
23
In practical terms, what does it mean when α=0.05 and p=0.051?
The result is likely not a random occurrence
Alpha must be adjusted for large numbers of comparisons
The result is likely a random occurrence
The null hypothesis is accepted
24
What is demonstrated by Anscombe's Quartet in statistics?
Inverse causation
Symmetrical distribution
Perfect correlation between variables
The need for visual examination of data
25
If p-values are on the other side of alpha (α), what does it suggest about the hypothesis testing outcome?
Certainty in research
Rejection of the null hypothesis
Acceptance of the null hypothesis
Insufficient evidence to support the experimental hypothesis
26
What is the primary purpose of statistics?
Perfect measurements
Objective interpretation
Certainty in research
Subjective interpretation
27
In the context of coin flips, what does establishing the null hypothesis (H0) require?
Knowing the alternative hypothesis
Building a distribution of results
Perfect measurements
Certainty in research
28
university study abroad, the potential issue arises in the correlation between study abroad & career success?
Indirect causation
Coincidence
Reverse causation
Bidirectional causation
29
How is a confidence interval interpreted in terms of repeated experiments?
Rejection of null hypotheses
Certainty in research
Range that contains the true value in a specified proportion of experiments
Probability that the interval is correct
30
What is the potential implication of positive kurtosis in a distribution?
Frequent modest deviation
Frequent extreme values or outliers
Symmetrical distribution
Negative skewness
31
Why is it important to set alpha in advance in hypothesis testing?
To allow for interpretation after data collection
To ensure a causal relationship
To account for randomness in experiments
To prevent manipulation of conclusions based on data
32
Why is the concept of reduction ad absurdium applied in the "Stylish Snakes" scenario?
To avoid building distribution of results
To establish the null hypothesis
To disprove the alternative hypothesis
To prove that snakes have a sense of style
33
Which correlation examines the correlation between rank orders of multiple variables?
Kendall Correlation
Spearman & Kendall Correlation
Pearson Correlation
Mode Correlation
34
Why is the concept of "reduction ad absurdium" important in null hypothesis testing?
To avoid building distribution of results
To establish what the null hypothesis looks like
To rely on certainty in research
To prove the null hypothesis
35
How does a confidence interval quantify confidence in statistics?
Certainty in research
Direct testing of outcomes
Proportion of the sample distribution containing likely outcomes
Probability that the interval is correct
36
What is the purpose of a probability distribution in statistics?
Establishing perfect measurements
Certainty of outcomes
Description of random phenomena
Rejection of null hypotheses
37
Why might a p-value be considered useful in hypothesis testing?
To avoid building distribution of results
To eliminate the need for alpha levels
To provide information similar to the conclusion drawn without a p-value
To establish certainty in research
38
What descriptive statistics can be used to characterize a group?
Mean, Mode, and Variance
Standard Deviation, Kurtosis, and Range
Mode, Skew, and Kurtosis
Mean, Median, Skewness, Standard Deviation, Kurtosis, Mode
39
What is the significance of setting alpha at 0.05 in hypothesis testing?
Determining the minimum improbability to reject the null hypothesis
Certainty of the null hypothesis
Direct testing of outcomes
Perfect measurements
40
What does setting alpha to 0.05 mean in hypothesis testing?
Minimum improbability to reject the null hypothesis
Probability value of 0.05
Certainty of the null hypothesis
Perfect measurements
41
What is the null hypothesis in statistics?
Perfect measurements
Experimental hypothesis
Hypothesis explaining random interactions
Certain relationship/association
42
What type of distribution is commonly assumed in standard statistical tests?
Uniform Distribution
Poisson Distribution
Binomial Distribution
Gaussian (Normal) Distribution
43
What is the purpose of establishing a typical α level in hypothesis testing?
To ensure a causal relationship between variables
To adjust for large numbers of comparisons
To determine the reliability of experimental results
To set a cut-off for rejecting the null hypothesis
44
How does the provided information illustrate the purpose of statistics in real-life scenarios?
By relying on certainty in research
By demonstrating how statistics distinguishes random from non-random
By predicting all possible outcomes
By emphasizing perfect measurements
45
What is Reductio ad Absurdium in statistics?
Logical argument showing absurd conclusions
Certainty in research
Random process in statistical analysis
Null hypothesis rejection
46
What can be calculated to determine the likelihood of random strong associations?
Coincidence Probability
Pearson Correlation Coefficients (r)
Spearman Correlation
Kurtosis
47
What does certainty mean in the context of statistics?
Perfect measurements
Knowing the outcome
Confidence level
Being close to certainty
48
What is kurtosis, and how is it related to the "tailedness" of a distribution?
Measure of distribution asymmetry
Measure of correlation strength
Measure of distribution spread
Measure of distribution peakedness
49
Why is certainty less applicable in research without a census and perfect measurements?
Census provides perfect measurements
Language of science includes hedging
Certainty is always achievable
Research studies are inherently uncertain
50
In interpreting skewed distributions, what does a positive skewness indicate?
Infrequent extreme values or outliers
Symmetrical distribution
Negative kurtosis
Frequent modest deviation
