BIO 1010

according to periodic table which element has the same # of valence electrons as oxygen

Adenine and guanine are classified as purines

An organelle consisting of a series of flattened sacks stacked somewhat like pancakes is the

cellular structure occurs due to

Carbon skeletons do not contain double bonds

a glycosidic linkage is a covalent bond formed b/t 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Eukaryotic cells generally much smaller than prokaryotic cells

mitosis occurs w/out cytokinesis will result in

The DNA of prokaryotic cells is found in the

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

In mitochondria exergonic redox reactions

each amino acid has a unique___group

compared to carbon, silicon has the same number of

which isn't true of codon

which of the following are components of chloroplasts

the strongest bond in biological systems is the covalent bond

The basic structural and physiological unit of all living organisms is the

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

what is the difference between an atom and an element

The shape of a folded protein is determined by

accord to fluid mosaic model of mem structrue proteins of the membrane are mostly

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same element but different structures

the pioneer in determining amino acid sequence of proteins

in fats 3 fatty acid molecules are joined to glycerol by a_linkage

alcohol is a compound of the _group

which of the following is not true of RNA processing

_are the 1 class of large bio molecules that don't include true polymers

3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol molecule

when___are disolved in water they donate an additional H+ to the solution

what is attached to the 5'-carbon of deoxyribose in DNA

if an enzyme is solution is saturated w/substrate most effective way to find faster yield

which of the following structures isnt involved in the breakdown of food particles by the cell?

The atomic # of an element is the same as the # of ____ in each atom

NADH is one of the least common electron carriers in cells

what is the major distinction between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

the best reference source for the atomic # and mass # of elements is

the chem activities of a living organism are organized into metabolic processes

crucial steroid molecule in animal

disctint chem. groups directly involved in chem. reactions

protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

what is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

_has a long carbon skeleton usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length

_is never branched&some hydroxyl groups on its glucose are free to Hbond w/other_mols lying ll

fat is constructed from 2 kinds of smaller molecules glycerol and fatty acids

meiosis II similar to mitosis in that

which of the subatomic particles are directly involved in chemical reactions

when electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria what changes

carbohydrate macromolecules called polymers made of many sugar building blocks

2nd messenger of epinepherine->G protein-coupled receptor->G protein->adenylyl cyclase->cAMP

many proteins are roughly spherical while others are shaped like fibers

macromolecules are found in

The decline of MPF activity @ end of mitosis due to

how is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?

account for more than 50% of dry mass of most cells

what is the difference between free and attached riososmes?

amount of energy needed to start a reaction s known as the activation energy

in_fats the kinks where cis double bonds are located prev mols from packing closely to be solid

_group affects gene express. when on DNA or DNA proteins

non reactive functional group that is used as a tag in biological molecules

what happens to the pH balance as H+ concentration increases?

which does not occur during the calvin cycle

proteins are built from_kinds of amino acids arranged in chains 100s of amino acids long

fatty acids with more than one carbon-carbon double bond are called

What type of amino acid side chains would be found on surface ofprotein embeddedin cellmembrane

type of lipids

What statement about the following is true? C3H8+5O2--->3CO2+4H2O+energy

a_is a substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

the _group has carbonyl group at the end of carbon skeleton

The monomers that make up polymeric carbohydrates like starch are called

in a chemical reaction transitionstate have free energies that are

Catabolism is to anabolism as _is to _

the fatty acids in a fat are always the same

facts have long hydrocarbon tails attached to nonhydrogen components

metabolic pathway common to both fermentaion&cellular respiration of glucose molecule

What type of bond connects two complementary nucleotides?

which represents level of complexity of life from most to least inclusive

In proteins amino acids are linked together by____bonds

scientific explanations for a natural phenomenon

_are the simplest carbohydrates; simple sugars

double sugars consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

the_group acts as a bas

In analyzing # of of dif bases in DNA sample which result would be consistent with base rules

2nd law of thermodynamics is live organisms don't require constant energy input to keep order

What do polysaccharides and polynucleotides have in common?

The carboxyl group acts as an acid b/c the covalent bond b/t oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

overall shape of polypeptide resulting from interactions b/t R groups of various amino acids

the tails of the HC chains of_fatty acids lack double bonds and allow fat mols to pack tightly

no more than 2 electrons can occupy a single orbital

a drug blocks function of actin what part of cell cycle would be most affected?

oxidation and recustion always occur together

binding of sig molecule to_leads to change in distribution of ions on opposite sides of the mem

In condensation reactions the atoms that make up a water molecule are derived from

pH=-log[H+]

Mass of a___ serves as a standard unit of measure for 1 dalton A___ also has mass of about 1 Da

which of the following is true of unsaturated fats?

what functional group is this?

a_accepts H+ ions from a solution when in excess and donates H+ ions when depleted in solution

in aqueous solutions_and_ carbon molecules form rings

a secondary coiled structure held together hydrogen bonding b/t every 4th amino acid

the golgi is an organelle where som proteins are processed and sent to their destinations

reactive but hydrophobic functional group

quarternary structure arises when a polypeptide consists of_ or more polypetide chains

The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by

disassociation of water reaches equilibrium when H2Omols.disassociate@same rate theyre reformed

the magnesium chelastase protein has quarternary structure this means that magnesium chelatase

what functional group is this?

there are five levels of protein levels

primary active transport requires energy from the hydrolysis of ATP

The main purpose of any single experiment is to

Which component of an atom doesn't significantly add to its mass?

The advantage of controlled scientific experiments is that

In cellulose the glucose monomers are in the__ configuration

chitins similar to cellulose with beta linkages but the glucose monomer has a Ncontaining appen

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

which protein protects against disease?

_usedfordefense,storage,transport,cell com,movement,structure sup others speed up chemreactions

what type of reaction is this?

a bio functional molecule made of 1 or more polypeptides each folded and coiled into 3d struct

channels that run between pores of adjacent cells are called type junctions

which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?

how many electrons does the 1s orbital hold?

how many electrons does the 2nd electron shell hold?

similar to a fat molecule but only has 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of 3

The abillity of an atom to combine with other atoms is determined by the atom's

sum of the masses of all of the atoms in a molecule

The mass number of an atom is determined primarily by the__contained

which metabolic process can occur w/out a net influx of energy from some other processes

in cellular resp. cells extract e from glucose mols by breaking themdown in series of reactions

isomers thatre mirror imagesofeachotherbut diff inshape b/c asymmetric C attachedto 4diff atoms

a bond formed by a dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group and carboxyl group

physical and chem properties of_ determine unique characteristics of a particular amino acid

which of the following plant cell structures is most likely to have the greatest volume?

The octet rule is the tendency of atoms in stable molecules to have 8 valence electrons

_can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

-OH

Cyanide binds to at least1 mol involin prod ATP if a cell is expoto cyanide most will be in

no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain then many H atoms bond to C skeleton

Aldehydes and ketones are very similar in that they both contain

amino acids are grouped according to the properties of their side chains

ketones are compounds of the _group

glycolisis takes place in cytosol&involves 10 enzyme catalyzed reacts that begin catab of gluc

Unsaturated fatty acids don't pack together due to the__in their hydrocarbon chains

which of the following is not a correct monomer/polymer pairing?

what correctly represents the flow of electrons in photosynthesis

what functional group is this?

_forms ringthe hydroxyl group attached to the #1C is positioned either above or below the plane

IN a mix of groundup plant cells 1 structure containing membrane is pos. for hydrogen peroxide

amylase can break down glyc linksb/t gluc monomers iftheyre in a form which could it break down

difference between an acid and a base is that an acid_____ whereas a base_____.

_cause a kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever they occur

in facilitated diffusion

organelle with many folds is called

which is produced during the citric acid cycle?

difference between nucleotides and nucleosides is that

mostly only 1 isomer is bio. active b/c only that form can bind to spec. molecules in organism

which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?

covbonds that form where2cytosene monomers are brought closer together&help reinforce tertstruc

In a nucleosome the DNA is wrapped around

each_contains 1 long DNA molecule usually carrying several hundred or more genes

the disassociation of water is a reversible reaction

where do electrons have the highest potential energy?

which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is false

Homeostasis

the_group has a carbonyl group w/in its carbon skeleton

some bacteria arent detected by human immune systemb/cthey possess an outer layerofslimeknownas

what type of reaction is this

_isomer is aan isomer with the same type of atom on opposite sides of the double bond

_is an alcohol each of its three carbons bear a hydroxyl group

Amino and carboxyl functional groups tend to form bases and acids by gaining or losing

The reaction H-A-OH+H-B-OH->H-A-B-OH+h2O represents a condensation reaction

what is the oxidizing agent in pyruvate+NADH+H+->lactate+NAD+

which of the following categories includes all others in the list

the three dimension space where an electron is found 90% of the time

process that breaks bond b/t monomers w/addition of a water molecule

2 carbon atoms held together in a double covalent bond share___ electrons

differential survival and reproduction among individuals in a population is natural selection

A species consists of

Ribose and ribulose have_ carbons and are

polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

enzymes that digest by hydrolyzing the alpha linkages are unable the diff shaped beta linkages

substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

the portion of a nucleotide without a five carbon sugar is a nucleoside

part of cell that functions as a select barrier that allows passofO2,nutrients&wastetoservecell

the reactivity of an atom arises from what?

bio membranes are composed of cont. phospholipid bilyer in which proteins are embedded known as

CO2 is often seen as inorganic even though it has C b/c its a simple molecule that lacks H+

the use of energy from sunlight to synthesize complex molecules is known as photosynthesis

the enzyme catalyzed transfer of phosphate groups to ADP molecules to form ATP

An atom with a completed valence shell will react readily with other atoms making it reactive

Hydrogen,deuterium, trium all have the same

substance that reduces hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

depending on the location of the carbonyl group a sugar is either a_ or a_

the backbone of a nucleic acid molecule is made of

which of the following factorwould increase membrane fluidity

peptide chains have a___and a___end

each gene along a DNA molecule directs synthesis of

some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because

weak acids are acids that reversibly release and saccept back hydrogen ion

Molecules that are both attracted to water and repel water are called

what functional group is this

a reaction in which 2 mols are covalently bonded to each other w/ loss of an H2O molecule

_are grouped together based on their poor abillity to mix with water

most CO2 from catabolsim is released during

elongation of leading strand during DNA synthesis

Blood contains bicarb ions and carb acid and prevents signif changes in pH in the body cause

The highly branched polysaccharide that stores glucose in the muscles and the liver of animalis

human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is

the tertiary structure of a protein is determined by its

All of the following bases are found in DNA except

_are hydrophobic due to the great majority of their bonds being nonpolar C-H+ linkages

which is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

The 2 covalent bonds in a water molecule are polar because

which cell would be best for studying lysosomes?

glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone have_ carbons and are_

the anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is

O2 has an electronegativity of 3.5 will have stronger attraction for__ compared to carbon

Solutions that contain buffers tend to resist pH changes because buffers

the dissolving agent of a solution is called the_& the the substance that is dissolved is the_

what functional group is this?

chem reaction resulting in the transferof electrons or hydrogen atoms atoms from 1 molecule is

basis for difference in how leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules are synthesized

polymers are the macromolecules found in nucleic acids,proteins and carbohydrates

In aprokaryotic cell the DNA is conc in aregion that is not mem enclosed called the nucleoid

function of the nuclear pores is to

which is present in a eukaryotic cell?

the existence of cells depends on the properties of_

in_configuration every glucose monomer is upsidedown

the study of compounds containing carbon

One difference b/t cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells

An essential functional group involved in cellular transfer is the___group

the G of ATP hydrolysis is negative nd the change in entropy is posistive the reaction

The _of a phospholipid is hydrophobic but the_ is hydrophillic

what part of the atom determines how the atom reacts chemically?

The bonds that link sugar monomers in a starch molecule are glycosidic bonds

large biological molecules that have carbon are held together by covalent bonds are categorized

active transport usually moves molecules

In starch the glucose monomers are in thee beta configuration

Coiled and folded patterns of proteins

A base increases OH- concentration but also reduces H+ concentration by the formation of water

which process is most directly driven to light energy

The number of protons in a neutral atom equals the number of

an unknown organism is discovered and lacks membrane bound nucleus in its cell it is a

light reactions of photosynthesis supply calvin cycle with

has 1 or more double bond w/one or fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon

Optimum soil pH to grow strawbs is 6.5 but for bluebs is 4.5 the # of H+ ions needed is

hydrogen bonds

chemically reactive and hydrophillic functional groups

cells have 1/2 as much DNA as some other cells in mitotically active tissue theyre in_phase

final electron acceptor of electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxphosphorilation

what is a half-life?

Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called

The branching patterns of the evolutionary tree of life are based on a rich array of

fats separate from water because

the 1st law of thhermodynamics states that the total energy in the universe is

a process used to determine the 3d structure of many other proteins

Closely related species have more similar DNA sequences than species that are distantly related

homologous chromosomesmove towards opposite poles of dividing cell during

_isomer is an isomer with same atoms on same side of double bond

In organic molecules carbon usually forms single or double covalent bonds

which structure function pair is mismatched/

6 elements most common in organisms are

what is a hydroxide ion?

what functional group is this?

center of amino acid is an asymetric carbon called

Because atoms have the same # of protons but diff. # of neutrons elements have

liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances is called

immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during ox phosphorylation

the sum total of all chemical reaction in a living structure is called its

_group contributes 1 neg. charge when placed inside phosphate chain and 2 when at end

biological membranes are composed of

side of the golgi apparatus facing the ER is the CIS region

a polymer of amino acids is a polypeptide

which process includes all others

polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis

phospholipids are essential b/c they are major constituents of ___

if enzyme is added to solution where its sbtrate &product are in equillibrium

Molecules containing a large number of hydroxyl groups are

which of the following correctly states an unusual property of water?

which structure is common to plan and animal cells ?

chemical agents that selectively speed up chem reactions without being consumed by the reaction

chromatin is a series of entangled threads composed of

_proteins regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts

The functional group written as -COOH is called the carboxyl group

solutions with a higher with a higher concentration of OH- than H+ are acidic solutions

In mechanism photophosphorylation is most similar to

which componentis not directly incvolved in translation

Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is true?

In addition to covalent and ionic bonds___ are important in biological systems

saturated fats are liquid at room temperature

weak chem bonds and interactions that cause protein to unravel and lose shape

Glucose, fructose and other sugars have _ carbons and are_

a nucleotide contains a pentose sugar a phosphate group and a(n)

which following mutations would be most likely to have harmful effect on organism

an organic molecule with an amino and carboxyl group

the hydrocarbon tails of fats serve as stored fuel for plant embryos and animals

one end of the polypeptide has a free_group while the other end has a free_ group

protein phosphorylation is commonly involved in all except

every atom except for__has 1 or more neutrons in its nucleus

the_structure of a protein is its sequence of amino acids

afterseeingfishliveincleanH2Obut not polluted H2Otheysay polluted water kill fish an example of

pure water instead of saline causes red blood cells to

in a redox reaction the reactant that becomes oxidized in called a reducing agent

plants store_as granules w/in plastids

_differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

what is the nucleotide sequence of the complementary strand of:A A T G C G A?

a specialized structure surrounding the cell wall in some prokaryotes is the

What statement about the following is true? C3H8+5O2--->3CO2+4H2O+energy

In his work w/pneumonia causing bacteria and mice Griffith found

most cells cant harness heat to perform work b/c

_ is in walls of water conducting cells in plants

the structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is

what is the most likely pathway taken by new synthesized protein that will be secreted by cell?

Which of the scientific names is written incorrectly

In what way do the mems of a eukaryotic cell vary?

carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons

which of the following elements is found in all living things?

2 amino acids pos so carboxyl group adj to amino group joined by dehydration reaction result

vertebrates store glycogen in liver and muscle cells

_include sugars and polymers of sugars

nucleotide is composed of 3 part a 5carbon sugar, nitrogenous base & 1 or more phosphate groups

the 2 ring forms for glucose are called_and_

the rough ER is the portion of the ER that

a mole of hydrogen and a mole of carbon have

how do plants generally transport carbohydrates?

In_carbons covalently bonded to same atoms but diff in spatial arrangement due to inflex 2 bond

the differing_in starch and cellulose give the molecules distinct 3 dimensional shapes

lipids are

In aeukaryotic cell most of the DNA is in the nucleus which is bounded by a double membrane