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AP Stats - Overview
AP Stats - Overview
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1
Self-reported answers/wording of question
Nonresponse
Undercoverage
Response bias
2
How do you find the chance of making a Type II error?
It is the alpha level
1-power
3
Which is better to use with normal distribution?
Either, depends on whats been given
IQR method (median)
SD method (mean)
Either, there is no difference
4
What are all the different directions a scatter plot can be?
Negative and positive and both
Negative and positive
Negative and positive and neither
5
When do you use the χ^2 test for independence?
Determine whether categorical variables are related
Determine whether sample size has a direct/inverse relationship with stat
Determine if two distributions are related
6
Can an alternative hypothesis be equivalent to the Null hypotheis
Yes
Only if it's \ge or \le
No
7
Mean of sample parameter = population paramter
Biased
Unbiased
8
Who/what treatment is imposed on
Experimental units
Treatment
9
What's the difference between cdf and pdf function?
pdf is for unequal properties, cdf is for equal properties
cdf is for unequal properties, pdf is for equal properties
10
Continuous
Infinite values
Countable number of values
11
Horizontal outliers
Shift line up/down
Tilt the line
12
If P(A)=(A|B)=P(A|B^c) the A variable is...?
Independent
Dependent
13
When do you use variance vs SD?
Doesn't matter
Variance with proportions and SD with means
Whatever the question asks for
Variance with means and SD with proportion
14
P(e)
Probabilty of extrapolation
Probability of an event
15
What labels do you need for a symmetric graph?
Mean and standard deviation
Degrees of freedom
16
What is blinding
Can't see
Subjects don't know treatments
Experimenters don't know treatments
Subjects and/or experimenters don't know treatments
17
What is c?
80
125
105
160
18
What is a confounding variable?
A third variable
A third variable that influences the independent variable
A third variable that influences the dependent variable
A third variable that influences the independent and dependent variables
19
How do you calculate expected counts in the χ^2 GOF test?
\frac{row\cdot column}{grand}
np
20
I want to determine if there is a relationship between having blonde hair and blue eyes, which do I use?
χ^2 test for homogeneityχ^2
χ^2 test for independence
χ^2 GOF test
21
A mixed group of individuals. Choose a random number and pick an individual in equal intervals:
Systematic random sample
Cluster sample
Stratified random sample
22
When multiplying/dividing by a constant what changes?
Shape and variability
Center and variability
Shape, center, and variability
Variability
23
Randomized block design
Randomly assign treatments within each block
Randomly assign blocks to treatments
24
Stat→parameter for proportion
\overline{x}→μ
p\left(hat\right)→p
s→σ
25
If the Central Limit Theorem passes...
The graph is skewed
The graph is approximately normal
26
How do you find your z-score?
z=\frac{value-median}{SD}
look at the table
z=\frac{value-mean}{S_x}
z=\frac{value-mean}{SD}
27
When a sample is equally two-sided, the p-value can be...
Multiplied by 0.5
Multiplied by 2
28
x\ge(#-1)
1-cdf
pdf
cdf
29
Which is better to use with skewed distribution?
SD method (mean)
Either, depends on whats been given
IQR method (median)
Either, there is no difference
30
Do you check the 10% condition when sampling with replacement?
Yes
No
31
The shape is approximately normal if..
# of success (np) \le 10 and # of failures (n(1-p)) \ge 10
# of success (np) + # of failures (n(1-p)) \ge 10
Both # of success (np) and # of failures (n(1-p)) \ge 10
# of success (np) \ge 10 and # of failures (n(1-p)) \le 10
32
What is b?
125
80
105
160
33
Easy to reach people
Convenience sample
Voluntary respone
34
Don't answer/hanging up a phone call
Nonresponse
Undercoverage
Response bias
35
What do you check when choosing the best regression model?
Scatter plot=nonlinear, residual plot=extra r^2\approx1
Scatter plot=linear, residual plot=no extra r^2\approx1
36
Finding outliers: SD method
low outlier > mean - 2 SD / high outlier < mean + 2 SD
low outlier < mean - 2 SD / high outlier > mean + 2 SD
37
What value goes outside both circles of a venn diagram?
4
2
1
3
38
An influential point..
Does nothing if added
Does nothing if removed
Severely changes slope if removed
Severely changes slope if added
39
When do you use cdf and pdf? (2nd vars on calculator)
Finding probability of x =/</> value
Finding probability of an event
40
Which step in RIN changes for means?
I
N
R
I and N
41
What is always the alternative hypothesis for χ^2 test for homogeneity?
Smaller than null
Unequal to null
Larger than null
42
Can you subtract standard deviation?
Yes
No
43
What does correlation equal?
NOT causation
Causation
44
What is the large counts test?
All variable > 5
Sum of all variables > 30
All variable \ge 5
Sum of all variables \ge 30
45
What's the difference between statistic and proportion?
Statistic = decimal form/Proportion = percentage value
Proportion = decimal form/Statistic = percentage value
46
Vertical outliers
Tilt the line
Shift line up/down
47
What is this?
Mosaic plot
a graph?
Histogram
Boxplot
48
What is the InterquartileInterquartile Range (IQR)?
Contains the middle of a graph subtracted by tail ends
Contains the middle of a graph
49
Matched pairs design
Subjects in opposite pairs and randomly assigned to two treatments
Subjects in similar pairs and randomly assigned to two treatments
50
What's a residual?
The difference between actual and predicted
The difference between predicted and actual
51
What is the z equation for means?
z=\frac{μ-\overline{x}}{\frac{σ}{\sqrt{n}}}
z=\frac{\overline{x}-μ}{σ}
z=\frac{\overline{x}-μ}{\frac{σ}{\sqrt{n}}}
z=\frac{μ-\overline{x}}{σ}
52
How do you compare SD?
\sqrt{\frac{p_1\left(1-p_1\right)}{n_1}+\frac{p_2\left(1-p_2\right)}{n_2}}
\sqrt{\frac{p_1\left(1-p_1\right)}{n_1}-\frac{p_2\left(1-p_2\right)}{n_2}}
\frac{p_1\left(1-p_1\right)}{n_1}+\frac{p_2\left(1-p_2\right)}{n_2}
\frac{p_1\left(1-p_1\right)}{n_1}-\frac{p_2\left(1-p_2\right)}{n_2}
53
A tail/line at the end of a tree diagram adds up to...?
10
Proportion value
Sample size
1
54
As size number increases variability decreases
False
True
55
What's the difference between standard deviation and variance?
Variance is standard deviation squared
Variance is the square root of standard devation
Variance is the absolute form of standard deviation
They're equal
56
Finding outliers: IQR method
Low outlier > Q_1 - 1.5 IQR / High outlier < Q_3 + 1.5 IQR
Low outlier < Q_1 + 1.5 IQR / High outlier > Q_3 - 1.5 IQR
57
What does RIN stand for?
Random, Independent, Normal
Range, Independent, Normal
Random, Interquartile range, Number
Random, Independent, Number
58
x<(#-1)
cdf
1-cdf
pdf
59
High Leverage is..
Very large/small y-values
Very large/small x-values
60
What is strength in a scatter plot?
How far away the dots are
How far away the line of best fit is
The closer the mean is to 100
How closely the line of best-fit matches
61
What does T-test for μ_1-μ_2 do?
Tests if the difference between two means is statistically significant
Tests significance of difference of two similar samples/group before&after
62
How do you collect a simple random sample?
Randomize, label, select
Label, randomize, select
Label, select, randomize
Select, label, randomize
63
If values in a confidence interval are (-,+)
Convincing evidence the second proportion is greater
No convincing evidence of a difference
Convincing evidence the first proportion is greater
64
If values in a confidence interval are (+,+)
Convincing evidence the first proportion is greater
No convincing evidence of a difference
Convincing evidence the second proportion is greater
65
I want to know if the Doritos company truly has the same average of chips per bag that they claim, what test do I use?
χ^2 GOF test
χ^2 test for independence
χ^2 test for homogeneity
66
How many humps does a bimodal graph have?
2+
1
4
2
67
What's the empirical rule?
68% \frac{Q_2+Q_3}{2}, 95% \frac{Q_2+Q_3}{2}, 99.7% \frac{Q_1+Q_4}{2}
68% (between μ\pm1σ) 95% (between μ\pm2σ) 99.7% (between μ\pm3σ)
68
When do you use the χ^2 GOF test?
Analyzing any kind of data
Analyzing categorical data with comparison
More than 3 samples
Comparing means and differences
69
Do you have to include labels when finding the difference of two given proportions?
No
Yes
70
How do you find the chance of making a Type I error?
1-power
It is the alpha level
71
Point Estimate =
\frac{A+B}{2}
\frac{A-B}{2}
72
When do you use t*
Proportions
Means
Medians
Samples
73
Consistently over/under estimates the population parameter
Unbiased
Biased
74
When skewed left, which end is the tail at?
Right
Left
75
What does T-test for μ_{diff} do?
Tests if the difference between two means is statistically significant
Tests significance of difference of two similar samples/group before&after
76
Do you use the same equation (Σ\frac{\left(O-E\right)^2}{E}) for each χ^2 test?
No
Yes
77
Margin of error =
\frac{A-B}{2}
\frac{A+B}{2}
78
x>#
1-cdf
pdf
cdf
79
An independent variable can also be referred to as...
Explanatory variable
Response variable
80
P\left(A∩B\right)
P\left(A\right)\cdot P\left(B\right)
P\left(A\right)-P\left(B\right)
\frac{P\left(A\right)}{P\left(B\right)}
P\left(A\right)+P\left(B\right)
81
Discrete
Infinite values
Countable number of values
82
In a χ^2 test what do you check for?
Random, Independent, Normal
Random, Independent, Large Counts
Random, Independent, Skewed
83
P(A and B)
P\left(A∩B\right)
P\left(A∪B\right)
84
What is the Central Limit Theorem?
n\ge30
n\le30
n>30
n<30
85
In the z equation...
Hat goes on last
Hat goes on first
86
P(A|B) = \frac{P\left(A∩B\right)}{P\left(B\right)} : Which variable is given?
B
P
A
87
A group of experimental units that are similar
Block
Cluster
88
Describe distribution
Shape, outliers, center, context, variability
Plot type, outliers, center, context, variability
Plot type, outliers, center, variability
Shape, outliers, context, variability
89
Stat→parameter for variability
p\left(hat\right)→p
s→σ
\overline{x}→μ
90
When adding/subtracting by a constant what changes?
Shape, center, and variability
Shape and variability
Variability
Center and variability
91
What is the complement rule
P\left(A^C\right)=1-P\left(A\right)
P\left(A\right)=1-P\left(A^c\right)
92
Why is it important to randomly sample?
We can conclude a treatment causes changes in the explanatory variable
We cannot conclude a treatment causes changes in the response variable
We can conclude a treatment causes changes in the response variable
We cannot conclude a treatment causes changes in the explanatory variable
93
What is association?
Knowing one variable will give you the other
Knowing one variable helps predict the other
Two variable are the same
94
What does statistically significant mean?
We have convincing evidence the treatment made no difference
We have convincing evidence the treatment worked
95
People choose effects
Voluntary respone
Convenience sample
96
Dotplots and stemplots show..?
Every individual value
General shape
97
Which test is one-sided?
H_a:p<null
H_a:p\ne null
98
T-test for μ_1-μ_2
Two samples, difference of means, average then subtract
One sample (paired), mean difference, subtract then average
99
Histograms show..?
General shape
Every individual value
100
Which is more predictable?
Short run frequency
Long run frequency
101
How do you describe a scatter plot?
Direction, different features, form, strength
Direction, unusual features, strength
Direction, unusual features, form
Direction, unusual features, form, strength
102
When is an experiment statistically significant?
Results < 5%
Results > 95%
103
Calling landlines/surveying homeowners
Undercoverage
Response bias
Nonresponse
104
What value goes in both circles of a venn diagram?
3
1
4
2
105
What are c's in the 4C Method for Inference
in order
Check, choose, calculate, conclude
Choose, check, calculate, close
Choose, check, calculate, conclude
Choose, conditions, calculate, conclude
106
When do you use the χ^2 test for homogeneity?
Determine the distribution of a sample
Determine if two or more samples have the same distribution
Having multiple distributions
Determine if two or more variables have the same distribution
107
You are in the 99th percentile, what does that mean?
99% of people are better than you
You have the same score as 99% of people
You are better than 99% of people
108
What is power?
The same value as (1-p)
The same value as p
The same value as the mean
The SD multiplied by the mean
109
What is extrapolation?
Values that fall outside of the y-axis
Values that fall outside of the x-axis
110
Why do you use the complement rule?
To find the probability of a separate random event happening
To find the probability of a similar event happening
To find the probability of an event not happening
111
A group of redheads, brunettes, and blondes. Choose a SRS from each group:
Cluster sample
Systematic random sample
Stratified random sample
112
When skewed left..
mean>median
mean<median
mean\approxmedian
113
What is this?
Segmented Bar graph
Mosaic Plot
114
What are the different types of unusual features in a scatter plot?
Outliers and clusters
Widespread data and clusters
Widespread data and outliers
Severe skew and outliers
115
What is a Type II error?
Failure to reject H_o when it is false
Failure to reject H_a when it is false
Reject H_o when it is true
Reject H_a when it is true
116
When looking for outliers in a symmetric distribution use..?
Mean/SD
Median/IQR
117
What are the 5 numbers in the 5 number summary?
Min, Q_1, SD, Q_3, max
Min, Q_1, Q_2, Q_3, max
Min, Q_1, variance, Q_3, max
Min, Q_1, med, Q_3, max
118
What is one sign of a misleading graph?
y-axis does not start at 0
Different colored dots
Disproportionate dots
Histogram
119
When skewed right..
mean<median
mean>median
mean\approxmedian
120
What is a Type I error?
Failure to reject H_o when it is false
Reject H_o when it is true
Reject H_a when it is true
Failure to reject H_a when it is false
121
x\le#
cdf
pdf
1-cdf
122
How do you make a prediction?
Plug y and solve for x
Plug x and solve for y
123
Which one accurately connects quartiles and percentiles?
Q_1= 25th percentile, Q_3= 75th percentile
Q_1= 25th percentile Q_3= 25th percentile
Q_1= 75th percentile Q_3= 75th percentile
Q_1= 75th percentile Q_3= 25th percentile
124
How do you increase power?
All of these
Increase alpha
Increase distance to alternative hypothesis
Increase sample size
125
How do you calculate expected counts in the χ^2 test for homogeneity?
np
\frac{row\cdot column}{grand}
126
Experiment
Treatment imposed
No treatment imposed
127
Which is the best way to describe the hypothesis for χ^2 GOF test?
Sentences
Numbers/values
128
T-test for μ_{diff}
One sample (paired), mean difference, subtract then average
Two samples, difference of means, average then subtract
129
Which is the correct way to calculate degrees of freedom?
Statistic + 1
Statistic - 1
Sample size - 1
Sample size + 1
130
A placebo effect is when..
A fake treatment works
A fake treatment is imposed
131
Which sign does the Null Hypothesis always have?
\ge
=
\approx
\le
132
Should a residual plot have a definite shape?
NO!
YES!
133
x=#
pdf
1-cdf
cdf
134
What is this?
Segmented Bar graph
Mosaic Plot
135
Why is long run frequency more predictable?
The longer the experiment runs the farther it gets to predicted statistic
The longer the experiment runs the closer it gets to predicted statistic
136
What do you use when comparing distributions?
Context, comparative language
Outliers, center, variability
Outliers, center, variability, context, comparative language
Outliers, center, variability, context
137
Observational Study
Treatment imposed
No treatment imposed
138
Quantitative variable
Numerical values measured or counted
Values that are names/group labels
139
What is sampling distribution?
Dist. of all values in samples taken of a given size/population
Dist. of all values in all possible samples of a given size number > 30
Dist. of 5% of values in all possible samples of a given population
Dist. of all values in all possible samples of a given size/population
140
Stat→parameter for means
p\left(hat\right)→p
\overline{x}→μ
s→σ
141
3 groups of 1 redhead, 1 brunette, and 1 blonde. Choose a SRS of one group to sample:
Systematic random sample
Cluster sample
Stratified random sample
142
Which accurately describes the order of observed and expected data in the χ^2 GOF test equation?
Σ\frac{\left(E-O\right)^2}{O}
Σ\frac{\left(O-E\right)^2}{E}
143
I want to know if Sprite has the same average liquid content as Pepsi, what do I use?
χ^2 test for independence
χ^2 GOF test
χ^2 test for homogeneity
144
If the H_o is in the confidence interval
Fail to reject
Reject
145
The strength of a graph can be any value between -10 and 10
True
False
146
What is a?
105
80
160
125
147
Which graphs have a normal distribution
t, z, and χ^2
t and z
z and χ^2
z only
148
A dependent variable can also be referred to as..
Response variable
Explanatory variable
149
What is the general formula for confidence intervals
statistic \pm z* \cdot SD
statistic \pm margin of error
point estimate \pm margin of error
point estimate \pm z* \cdot SD
150
When looking for outliers in a skewed distribution use..?
Median/IQR
Mean/SD
151
Why is it important to generalize?
We can make conclusions for similar populations
We can make conclusions for the population we sampled
We can make conclusions for the entire population
152
When the alpha level is unknown, what value do you use?
0.025
0.5
0.05
0.95
153
When symmetric..
mean>median
mean\approxmedian
mena<median
154
If values in a confidence interval are (-,-)
Convincing evidence the first proportion is greater
No convincing evidence of a difference
Convincing evidence the second proportion is greater
155
In a standardized sitribution...?
Mean=0 SD=1
Mean=1 SD=0
156
As the confidence level increases margin of error decresases
True
False
157
Outliers are
Large residuals
Small residuals
158
P(A or B)
P\left(A∪B\right)
P\left(A∩B\right)
159
Categorical variable
Numerical values measured or counted
Values that are names/group labels
160
What is being done to subjects
Treatment
Experimental units
161
How do you standardize a distribution?
Multiply mean and standard deviation by 0
Algebraically solve to get mean=0 and SD=1
Find and replace each data point with its z-score
162
Which test is two-sided?
H_a:p\ne null
H_a:p<null
163
What is a density curve?
The area inside of the curve
The area outside of the curve
164
To show causation...
Random assignment: Randomize, Assign, Label
Random assignment: Randomize, Label, Assign
Random assignment: Label, Randomize, Assign
Random assignment: Assign, Randomize, Label
