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Duplicate of Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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Questions
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Answers
1
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
2
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
lesioning
ESB
3
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
hallucinations
illusions
obsessions
4
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
endocrine system
5
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
stereotypes
attributions
self-serving bias
6
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a sedative
a narcotic
7
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
fill-feed
boat-goat
tree-bird
8
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
content
absolute
criterion-related
9
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
conventional
concrete
preconventional
10
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
11
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
display rules
investment differentiations
social scripts
12
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
memory
13
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
14
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
mean
mode
median
15
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
16
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
extinction
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
17
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
insight learning
18
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
the conscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
19
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
teratogens
opiates
pathogens
20
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
21
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
22
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
23
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
William James
24
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
surprise
happiness
sadness
25
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
26
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
food/meat powder
tone
light
27
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
social charm
28
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
29
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
30
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
marital problems
31
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
32
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
repression
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
33
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
34
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
35
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
36
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
latency
genital
anal
37
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
38
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
39
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
humanistic
psychoanalytic
cognitive
40
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
overextension
41
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
42
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
agonists
neurotransmitters
antagonists
43
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
44
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
rabbit
loud noise
fear reaction
45
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
longitundinal
sequential
time of testing
46
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
47
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
medulla
48
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
49
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
50
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
schizophrenic
anxiety
personality
51
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
52
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
exposure to light
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
53
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
location of injury
thalamus
cortex
54
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
perception
processing
sensation
55
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
lens
56
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
57
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
58
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
sedatives
alcohol
cannabis
59
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a delusion
an obsession
a phobia
60
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
61
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
smell buds
olfactory cilia
62
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
63
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
reiteration
recognition
relearning
64
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
65
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
a percentile score
mental age
a potential score
66
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
67
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
change
frustration
pressure
68
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
strange situation
shared inhibition
69
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
a personality test
70
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
71
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
72
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
73
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
74
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
75
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
intermediate-term
sensory
long-term
76
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
77
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
timbre
decibels
pitch
78
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
79
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
pineal gland
corpus callosum
thalamus
80
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
logical-mathemathical
musical
mechanical
81
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
82
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
83
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
84
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
selection
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
85
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
subliminal perception
a false alarm
86
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
egocentrism
conservation
reversibility
87
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
gonads
thalamus
pituitary
88
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
perception
hypnosis
sensation
89
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
fluid
procedural
crystallized
90
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
intelligence
introspection
mentalism
91
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
92
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
93
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 4
REM
stage 1
94
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
95
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
96
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
97
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
98
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
99
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
100
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
101
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
conversion disorder
102
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
escape learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
103
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
104
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
105
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
retrieved
modeled
ablated
106
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
107
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
regression
compensation
displacement
108
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
109
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
110
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
physiological recordings
direct observation
psychological tests
111
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
groupthink
conformity
cognitive dissonance
112
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
113
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
114
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
115
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
marijuana
heroin
mescaline
116
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the control group
the observational group
the correlational group
117
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
platonic
phonemic
morphemic
118
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
119
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
120
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
been dreaming
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
121
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
delta
alpha
gamma
122
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
123
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in openness
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
124
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
125
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
126
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
stirrup
temporal lobe
127
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
insomnia
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
128
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
acetylcholine
endorphin
dopamine
129
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
percentiles
130
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
reticular formation
limbic system
cerebellum
131
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
132
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
light purity
saturation
brightness
133
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
134
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
schematizing
135
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
constancy
similiarity
closure
136
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
accuracy of inference
consistency
representativeness
137
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
138
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
139
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
conformity
group polarization
social loafing
140
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
functionalism
individualism
attributionism
141
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
temperament
behavioral quality
personality
142
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
143
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
144
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
print letters
sing a song
fear the dark
145
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
punishment
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
146
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scales
test levels
test scores
147
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
script
chunk
semantic network
148
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
unipolar
dissociative
cyclical
149
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
drive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
150
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
