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Science & Enlightenment - Ch. 16 Flashcards | StudBud
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Science & Enlightenment - Ch. 16
Science & Enlightenment - Ch. 16
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Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment - McKay Ch. 16
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1
Montesquieu's contribution to American government, found in The Spirit of the Laws was
bicameral legislature
social contract
separation of powers
objection to tyranny
2
Galileo was reluctant to join forces with Kepler because he feared
retribution from the Catholic Church
the math used to calculate orbits was flawed
their ideas were too untried to promote
Kepler might steal his ideas
3
Gottfried Willhelm von Liebnitz was lampooned in Voltaire's
Candide
for his belief that
man lives in the "best of all possible worlds"
good and evil are relative values
time heals all wounds
mind and body are united in one substance
4
The stated goal of Diderot and D'Alembert's
Encyclopedia
was to
change the general way of thinking to a more analytical one
reject knowledge not scientifically based
challenge government and church authority in articles
provide all people with the right answers
5
Descartes' view of the universe was
singular
idealistic
mechanistic
a rejection of so-called "first principles"
6
Francis Bacon was a proponent of
deductive reasoning
, which was based on
using observation to support general ideas
using truths to make further conclusions
7
Baron de Montesquieu used satire and the vantage point of outsiders in
The Persian Letters
to
critique Parisian society
promote religious toleration
answer Voltaire's attacks on the Church
make fun of the old Savafid empire
8
Galileo was tried for heresy in 1632 because he
refused to recant his beliefs and was imprisoned
supported the intervention of Sweden in the Thirty Years War
supported Protestant ideas
openly challenged traditional views in favor of Copernicus
9
The appearance of a new star in 1572 and a comet in 1577 appeared to contradict
centuries-old beliefs in natural philosophy
the existence of God
Copernicus' premise of planetary motion
the idea of unchanging and perfect heavenly spheres
10
For Voltaire, the equality that was realizable was
economic equality
equality under the law
equality of the sexes
social equality
11
Science and empire found their interests merging in
cataloging New World plants and animals
fighting Church influences on "truth"
Imperial decrees of scientific truths
"kings" of science
12
Enlightenment writers took intellectual focus away from antiquity and set an agenda to
solve human problems with mathematics
cure madness
apply science to art and literature
solve human problems with the methods of science
13
Locke's Two Treatises on Civil Government insisted on the sovereignty of
parliament over king
king over parliament
14
Natural philosophers often included which ancient fields in their practices and studies?
sleight of hand and astrology
card reading and astronomy
magic and alchemy
astronomy and astrology
15
Cartesian dualism is based on the existence of
mind and matter
blood and bone
heart and soul
brain and brawn
16
Some women, such as Maria Sibylla Merian combined art & science with careers as
scientific illustrators
cadavers
technical writers
models
17
In his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" John Locke explains the human mind as a
sort of social contract
an empty canvas
predestined propensity for good of evil
a "tabula rasa" or blank slate
18
Empiricism is based on
hypothesis
speculation
observation
deductive reasoning
19
Universities and academies did offer science posts to women in
France
Austria
Italy
Great Britain
20
Aristotle and his followers believed that objects are naturally in motion
yes - force is needed to stop them
when they are in the fifth essence
only in the lunar sphere
no - force is needed to move them
21
The experimental method called for
speculation and belief
speculation and observation
tradition and observation
observation and then conclusions
22
Kepler's contributions to science include his pioneering the field of
optics
alchemy
chemistry
gastronomy
23
True of false: Galileo's
law of inertia
proves that objects are naturally at rest
False
True
24
Galileo's Sidereal Messenger "exploded" traditional beliefs about the universe by describing
the observations made with his telescope
his detailed defense of Aristotle and scholarly tradition
his tortured relations with the Catholic Church
his mathematical calculations of Jupiter's moons
25
Johannes Kepler's contribution to astronomy was his proclamation
rejecting Brahe's conclusions
blending music and science
of Laws of Planetary motion
accepting Aristotelian ideas of motion
26
Many Greek texts made their way into western Europe after 1453 because of the
relaxed import dues on scholarly goods under the Medici
capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire
rise in interest in astrology among elites
proliferation of new accounting tools like letters of credit
27
Madame du Chatelet believed that women's limited role in science was due to
predestination
their inability to think mathematically
their lack of equal education
economic imperatives that cut science from schools
28
The main feature of the "Newtonian Synthesis" is his
law of universal gravitation
scientific method
use of shells and pebbles to explain astronomy
blending of the occult and the scientific
29
Copernicus' ideas about the earth's movement were rejected by some Protestants because they
were accepted by scholars at the Council of Trent
contradicted some passages in the Bible
were based on philosophy rather than mathematics
appeared to embrace magic
30
Tycho Brahe's contribution to astronomy lay in his
compilation of accurate data on planetary motion
his use of sophisticated instruments
rejection of astrology
blending of Copernican and Ptolemaic ideas
31
Copernicus did not publish
On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
until 1543 because he
feared retribution
wanted to be certain his claims were correct
wanted to translate it into Polish
lacked patronage
32
Andreas Vesalius was noted for his studies of
natural history
human anatomy
animal husbandry
animal society
33
The Copernican hypothesis did NOT call into question
the movement of stars
Aristotle's crystal spheres
the size of the universe
geocentrism
34
Which STEM field was used by Renaissance painters in their turn toward realism?
geometry
astronomy
physics
alchemy
35
Voltaire and the philosophes believed that religious intoleration led to
reason
fanaticism
inequality
anarchy
36
Kepler's observations proved that planetary motion is
circular
elliptical
irregular
spherical
37
Blood circulation through veins and arteries was discovered by
Andreas Vesalius
Robert Boyle
Paracelsus
William Harvey
38
Pierre Bayle's
Historical and Critical Dictionary
proclaimed the idea that
everything is for the best
progress meant religious toleration
government without consent of the people was tyranny
nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt