The S-wave shadow zone is caused by:

the liquid outer core stopping the s-waves.

The earth is made up of

many smaller pieces of crustal material.

How does the underlying geology affect the amplitude of a seismic wave?

Unconsolidated material increases seismic wave amplitude.

What is the Mohorovicic discontinuity?

A point where there is a sharp increase in seismic velocity, The boundary between the crust and mantle.

A transform plate boundary:

is where two plates slide past each other.

What does a metamorphic zone tell us?

That these rocks have the same degree of metamorphism.

How does a metamorphic rock obtain a foliated texture?

Differential pressure, aligning the minerals.

80% of all earthquakes occur at:

The Circum-Pacific, encircling the Pacific Ocean.

How are metamorphic rocks classified?

By grain texture and composition.

Why does seismic velocity increase in velocity with depth in the mantle?

There is an increase in elasticity with depth.

What was one line of evidence for continental drift in the 1600's-1900's?

Similarities of shorelines of continents.

Magnetic surveys of the ocean basin indicate that the oceanic crust is youngest:

adjacent to mid oceanic ridges.

A divergent plate boundary:

is where two plates are separating.

Where do passive continental margins develop?

Within a plate rather than at a plate boundary.

The Mercalli Scale is:

A qualitative assessment of the damage.

A metamorphic facies can tell us:

Temperature and pressure ranges for a rock type.

is a wave of energy that travels through the earth's layers.

Where do active continental margins develop?

Where there is a plate and continental boundary.

A metamorphic rock sequence of zeolite to greenschist to amophibolite to sanidinite indicates:

An increase in temperature, but not really pressure.

What are the three ways to metamorphose a rock?

Heat, Pressure, and Fluid Activity.

This increase in amplitude causes what at the surface during an earthquake?

It increases the amount of movement at the surface.

Metamorphic rocks going from clay to chlorite to muscovite to containing garnets indicates:

An increase in metamorphic grade.

What is a metamorphic rock?

Rocks that have transformed into another type of rock.

Plate tectonics explains

earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

The elastic rebound theory explains:

how plates rebound after an earthquake.

How does a P-wave behave when traveling directly through the center of the earth?

Slows going through the inner/outer core, speeds up @ mantle

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Test 2 Review

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Test 2 review for GOL 131

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Questions 50

Answers

1
What type of wave is this?
Love wave
Rayleigh wave
P-wave
S-wave
2
The S-wave shadow zone is caused by:
the solid inner core absorbing the S-waves.
the liquid outer core stopping the s-waves.
the liquid outer core stopping the p-waves.
the solid mantle diffracting the s-wave.
3
The earth is made up of
a completely molten center.
a solid single piece of crustal material.
mostly titanium.
many smaller pieces of crustal material.
4
How does the underlying geology affect the amplitude of a seismic wave?
Unconsolidated material increases seismic wave amplitude.
Seismic waves stay constant through different materials.
Unconsolidated material decreases seismic wave amplitude.
Bedrock increases seismic wave amplitude.
5
What is the Mohorovicic discontinuity?
A point where there is a sharp increase in seismic velocity
The boundary between the inner and outer core.
The boundary between the crust and mantle.
A sharp decrease in seismic velocity.
6
The driving mechanism of plate tectonics is:
thermal convection cells.
magnetism.
Earth's rotation.
isostasy.
7
A transform plate boundary:
is where two plates collide.
is where two plates slide past each other.
is where puppies are created.
is where two plates are separating.
8
What does a metamorphic zone tell us?
That these rocks have the same composition.
That these rocks have the same depositional environment.
That these rocks have the same degree of metamorphism.
That these rocks are the same age.
9
How does a metamorphic rock obtain a foliated texture?
Differential pressure, aligning the minerals.
Extra fluid activity, dissolving the minerals.
Deposition of precious metals during hdyrothermal activity .
Intense heath, partially melting the minerals.
10
One of the most surprising finds when drilling the deep oceans in the 1940's and 50's was:
Both 1 and 2.
Lack of sediment in the center of the oceans.
Shallowness of the ocean.
Young, mountain chain in the center of all oceans (MOR)
11
80% of all earthquakes occur at:
The Alpide Belt
The Circum-Pacific, encircling the Pacific Ocean.
The Mediterranean-Asiatic Belt
On the interior of continents.
12
Compared to older crust, new oceanic crust is:
cold and less dense.
cold and more dense.
hot and less dense.
hot and more dense.
13
How are metamorphic rocks classified?
By depositional environment and composition.
By location and crystal size.
By grain size and foliation.
By grain texture and composition.
14
What type of wave is this?
Rayleigh wave
S-wave
P-wave
Love wave
15
Old crust is actively being destroyed and recycled at:
divergent plate boundaries.
in the clouds.
convergent plate boundaries.
transform plate boundaries.
16
If I find a zeolite metamorphic facies, this indicates temperature and pressure ranges of:
100-300C; 0-2 kbar
500-700C; 10-14 kbar
600-1,000C; 0-14 kbar
100-300C; 6-14 kbar
17
Why does seismic velocity increase in velocity with depth in the mantle?
There is a decrease with density with depth
There is an increase in elasticity with depth.
There is an increase in density with depth.
There is a decrease in elasticity with depth.
18
Which of these index minerals indicates the highest -grade metamorphic rock?
Chlorite
Sillimanite
Biotite
Garnet
19
What was one line of evidence for continental drift in the 1600's-1900's?
Series of oceanic ridges found in deep oceans.
Shallow depths of the oceans, suggesting land bridges.
Similarities of shorelines of continents.
Rapid rate of continental movement.
20
Magnetic surveys of the ocean basin indicate that the oceanic crust is youngest:
it's the same everywhere.
adjacent to the continents.
in between MOR and continents.
adjacent to mid oceanic ridges.
21
A divergent plate boundary:
is where puppies are created.
is where two plates collide.
is where two plates are separating.
is where two plates slide past each other.
22
The lithosphere consists of:
the lower mantle and outer core.
the inner core and outer core.
ocean basins and continental margins.
the crust and upper mantle.
23
Where do passive continental margins develop?
Within a plate rather than at a plate boundary.
Where there is a plate and continental boundary.
In the center of the ocean.
At true north pole.
24
The Mercalli Scale is:
A quantitative measure of the amount of energy released.
The amplitude of the surface waves.
A qualitative assessment of the damage.
An assessment of the amount of displacement.
25
A metamorphic facies can tell us:
Rate of movement for a rock type.
Hydrothermal activity for a rock type.
Depositional environment for a rock type.
Temperature and pressure ranges for a rock type.
26
A seismic wave:
is the wave of water that crashes along the beach.
always does damage.
is a wave of energy that travels through the earth's layers.
is only generated by earthquakes.
27
Where do active continental margins develop?
Within a plate rather than at a plate boundary.
At the true north pole.
In the center of the ocean.
Where there is a plate and continental boundary.
28
Along what type of boundary does subduction occur?
convergent
transform
both divergent and transform.
divergent
29
Fill in the blank: The rigid ___ sits on the plastic ___.
asthenosphere; biosphere
lithosphere; asthenosphere
asthenosphere; lithosphere
lithosphere; stratosphere
30
Which of the following can produce seismic waves?
Volcanic Eruptions
All of the above
Explosions
Earthquakes
31
As an ocean plate is subducted, what other materials are subducted?
Divergent Plate boundaries
Ocean sediments and water
Magma chambers
Lake sediments and puppies
32
What type of wave is this?
S-wave
Love wave
P-wave
Rayleigh wave
33
New crust is actively being created at:
convergent plate boundaries.
transform plate boundaries.
in the clouds.
divergent plate boundaries.
34
A metamorphic rock sequence of zeolite to greenschist to amophibolite to sanidinite indicates:
Puppies.
An increase in temperature and pressure.
An increase in pressure, but not really temperature.
An increase in temperature, but not really pressure.
35
If I have a sanidinite metamorphic faices, this indicated temperatures and pressures of:
100-300C; 0-2 kbar
400-800C; 8-15kbar
600-1,000C; 0-15+kbar
750-950C; 1-3 kbar
36
What are the three ways to metamorphose a rock?
Erosion, Weathering, and Lithification.
Lithification, Exhumation, and Fluid Activity.
Heat, Pressure, and Lithification.
Heat, Pressure, and Fluid Activity.
37
This increase in amplitude causes what at the surface during an earthquake?
Unconsolidated material and bedrock are the same.
It does nothing.
It increases the amount of movement at the surface.
It decreases the amount of movement at the surface.
38
What type of wave is this?
P-wave
Love wave
S-wave
Rayleigh wave
39
Surface waves:
arrive first at the seismometer.
travel through the earth.
arrive second at the seismometer.
travel along the surface.
40
Metamorphic rocks going from clay to chlorite to muscovite to containing garnets indicates:
puppies
No change in metamorphic grade.
A decrease in metamorphic grade.
An increase in metamorphic grade.
41
What is a metamorphic rock?
Rocks formed from sediments.
Volcanic rocks.
Beach particles.
Rocks that have transformed into another type of rock.
42
Body waves:
are the most damaging.
create hazards.
travel along the surface.
travel through the earth.
43
Plate tectonics explains
current climate conditions.
earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.
weathering processes.
the molten outer core.
44
As the density of a material increases, seismic waves:
increase.
decrease.
wiggle.
stay constant.
45
A convergent plate boundary:
is where puppies are created.
is where two plates collide.
is where two plates slide past each other.
is where two plates are separating.
46
The elastic rebound theory explains:
how plates move throughout time.
how plates rebound after an earthquake.
how the plates stay the same during deformation.
the existence of faults.
47
New oceanic crust is created:
in mountains.
at mid-ocean ridges.
at continental margins.
only during a magnetic reversal.
48
Most earthquakes are how deep?
Located in the core.
Intermediate, between 100-300 km.
Deep, >300 km.
Shallow, <100 km.
49
How does a P-wave behave when traveling directly through the center of the earth?
Speeds up at every boundary.
Slows going through the inner/outer core, speeds up @ mantle
Speeds up going through the inner/outer core, slows @ mantle
Constant velocity through the whole thing.
50
Which is the difference between P and S waves?
S waves are secondary waves, and are shear.
P wave are primary waves and compressional.
P waves are faster and arrive first.
All of the above.

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