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Soil Management and Characteristics
Soil Management and Characteristics
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Questions on soil management practices and characteristics from the CCA study book.
Flashcards
369 cards
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Questions
369
Answers
1
Which of the following is/are true regarding wettable powders?
they can be abrasive to pumps and nozzles
they require constant agitation
they form suspensions in water
all of the above
2
Even though K is contained in large amounts in the soil minerals, only __is readily available
10-15%
80-90%
40-50%
1-2%
3
Which of the following micronutrients is effected mostly by P uptake?
Zn
Mn
Cu
Fe
4
The consequences of planting small grains too early are:
reduced potential for lodging
reduced tillering
decreased disease occurance
increased insect activity
5
What is the grade of fertilizer material?
the source of N P K
the relative amounts of N P K
The relative proportion of N, P2O5, and K2O
The percentage content of N, P2O5, and K2O
6
Small grains can help protect the environment on the farm by:
filtering water for better quality
soil conservation
all the above
decreasing water runoff
7
What is true regarding immature form of insects that undergo gradual (simple) metamorphosis?
the nymphs resemble the adult in form
all the above
the nymphs eat the same food as the adults
the nymphs live in the same environment as adults
8
Persistence of atrazine in soil is extended:
at low pH levels
under cool, dry conditions
by using adjuvants
under flooded conditions
9
When you late plant soybeans, plant:
lower population
plant shallow
higher population
do not change the seeding rate
10
In which type of soils is surface drainage most appropriate?
level sandy soils
hilly, gravel soils
flat land with slow infiltration and low permeability
both level sandy and flat slow infiltration
11
The cotton fiber property related to fiber fineness (diameter) is:
uniformity ratio
micronaire
grade
span length
12
Examples of reproductive structures possessed by creeping perennial weeds would include:
rhizomes (below ground root like stems)
stolons (above ground stems that produce shoots)
all the above
seeds
13
W/equal level of total K in the soils, which soil would most likely supply the most available K
sandy loam
silt loam
clay loam
silty clay loam
14
The primary reason why Ca(OH)
2
is not used as a liming agent is:
will not neutralize active acidity
will not reduce potential acidity
will not effectively raise the soil pH
too expensive
15
Which best describes the meristematic region of a plant?
none of the above
the primary nutrient absorption zone in the stem
the location of most active plant development
a plant location of inactive development
16
How should you handle the soil samples
freeze samples or send immediately
all of the above
air dry by spreading on paper
oven dry at 250 deg
17
N loss from improperly applied urea fertilizer can be as high as:
20%
30%
40%
60%
18
An improved variety that is different from the other members of its kind is:
cultivar
a female plant
pure line variety
hybrid
19
Which of the following is not critical for denitrification to take place?
A sugar source
Relatively high population of nitrifiers
Nitrates
Low soil Oxygen
20
If 150 ppm available P in a furrow slice, how many lbs/acre would this be?
20
120
200
300
21
An offspring of two different parents with different characteristics is called:
hybrid
improved variety
cultivar
offspring
22
Which element is responsible for generating the most acidity in agricultural soils:
Ca
K
Mg
Al
23
The land capability classification describes:
permanent soil conditions
texture, aeration, depth, drainage
landscape position, steepness, wetness, climate, erosion
all the above
24
A soil containing enough exchangeable sodium to interfere with the growth of most plants is:
saline soil
basic soil
saline-sodic soil
sodic soil
25
Crop seed should be selected based on
purity
variety characteristics
all the above
germination percentage
26
Which of the following N fertilizers would initially increase the soil pH?
ammonium sulfate
ammonium nitrate
anhydrous ammonia
sodium nitrate
27
Which one of the following is a disadvantage of biological control?
safe to the environment
not all pests have a natural enemy
easy to use
safer to handle
28
The most commonly used of the five wheat growth stage scales is:
the Fairbanks/Morris Scale
the Triticum sativa scale
the Feekes scale
the Haun scale
29
A type of modified stem that runs laterally below ground that is asexual:
crown
rhizome
tuber
stolon
30
Soil bacteria that make the conversion: NO
2
--> NO
3
heterotrophic bacteria
Rhizobium
Nitrifying bacteria
Actinomycetes
31
If 11 lb/ac of KMgSO
4
How much S will be applied? 11% Mg, 22% K
2
O, and 22% S
86 lbs
22 lbs
100 lbs
11 lbs
32
Do you love learning about soil?
No
Yes
33
A pesticide that controls a narrow spectrum of pests is called:
site-specific
systemic
selective
translocated
34
Nutrient movement in soil is influenced by:
mass flow
depth of soil
soil texture
soil structure
35
On sandy coastal plain soils, which one of the following would most likely be deficient in corn
Zn
Fe
Cu
Mn
36
A crop plant that is capable of tolerating the effects of certain pests is referred to as:
none of the above
pesticide resistance
immunity
host resistance
37
The difference btw the soil moisture levels at field capacity and wilting pt is called:
available water
free water
unextractable water
wilting pt
38
Vapor drift can be avoided by:
all of the above
following all soil incorporation directions on the label
avoiding applications on hot dry days
using non-volatile pesticides
39
The conversion of ammonium to nitrate in the soil is temporarily reduced by using:
nitrification inhibitors
nitrate reductase
thiocarbamates
organophosphates
40
Which of the following would not have cation exchange sites?
organic matter
silt
sand
clay
41
What makes an element essential for plant growth?
it will help increase yields
it is sold by most fertilizer dealers
The plant cannot complete its life cycle without it
It is found in the soil
42
A herbicide that enters and moves to some site of action within a weed is called:
a liquid flowable
site-specific
a contact herbicide
a translocated herbicide
43
Plant diseases are caused by:
Viruses
Bacteria
All the above
Nematodes
44
The nutrient deficiency that most likely occurs in the upper portion of the plant
P
Ca
N
K
45
A weed that lives more than 2 years or indefinitely is called:
biennial
summer annual
winter annual
perennial
46
The primary role of K in plant growth is:
stomate regulation
energy transfer and storage
carbohydrate metabolism
enzyme activation
47
Electrical conductivity is expressed as:
ppm
ppb
mmhos/cm
meq/100 ml
48
The primary advantage of reduced tillage systems is:
lower herbicide costs
lower initial equipment costs
reduction of pest and weed problems
soil moisture conservation
49
P fertilizers will most likely be lost from the field by which one of the following:
volatilization
erosion
denitrification
leaching
50
Command herbicide is a:
growth regulator
ALS inhibitor
grass specific
pigment inhibitor
51
What is soil solution?
soil water holding capacity
dissolved microbial organisms
dissolved sand, silt, clay, and O.M. in water
soil water with dissolved plant nutrients
52
Which of the following is a disadvantage of cultural pest control?
can be used to reduce chemical rates
cannot be used as rescue treatment
can be part of an integrated approach
inexpensive
53
Atmospheric conditions that can enhance the potential for volatilization of certain pesticides:
both high temps and low humidity
high humidity
high temps
low humidity
54
The primary factor affecting spray or particle drift potential is:
application rate
temperature
humidity
particle size
55
Growth processes in a cotton plant is generally suspended when temperatures drop below:
70 deg F
50 deg F
none of the above
60 deg F
56
Reseeding winter legumes may fix up to __ pounds of N:
200
80-100
10
20-30
57
What materials tie up phosphates in highly acidic soils?
carbonates and organic acids
aluminum and iron
carbonates and manganates
None of the above
58
Which of the following is not an essential element?
O
Mo
Fl
N
59
How often should water be applied if sandy loam capacity is 0.2" H
2
O / inch of soil?
Every 4 days
Every 2 days
Every 6 days
Every day
60
A 200 g sprayer is calibrated to apply 20g/acre; how many gallons are used to spray 65 acres?
4000 gallons
200 gallons
800 gallons
1300 gallons
61
Which one of the following is most used N fertilizer for foliar fertilizer?
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium nitrate
Urea
Sodium Nitrate
62
What is the most important consideration in the uniformity of bulk blend fertilizers?
differences in density of fertilizer granulors
excessive spinner speed
particle size variability of fertilizer sources
Excessive ground speed application equipment
63
Which of the following nutrients are most likely to leach in a sandy soil?
K
B
Ca
Mg
64
Which of the following plants can symbiotically fix N?
Red Clover
Corn
Potatoes
Cotton
65
The following soil conditions produce the most favorable environment for denitrification?
moist and aerobic
dry and aerobic
dry and anaerobic
moist and anaerobic
66
The major protein in wheat that determines its milling and baking qualities is:
methionine
gluten
amylose
lysine
67
Which of the following lime materials have both Ca and Mg
hydrated lime
marl
dolomite
calcite
68
Which of the following would least likely influence the amount of nitrate in a cotton petiole?
preplant N
soil water content
cation exchange capicity
foliar applied N
69
What is the number of soil cores believed optimum for a soil sample?
40-50 cores
enough to fill the box
5-10 cores
20-25 cores
70
Most microbial degradation of pesticides occurs in:
both plants and aquatic systems
plants
aquatic systems
soils
71
The reclamation of saline or sodic soils can be achieved by adding:
both gypsum and sulfur
sulfur
gypsum
potassium
72
One of the main reasons why chemical weed control in crops is so difficult is because:
they do not have photorespiration
herbicides by design are toxic to plants
they have very specific mechanisms for reproduction/survival
they have a special photosynthetic pathway
73
Biological control involves the use of a pest's naturally occurring enemies, this includes:
predators
parasites
pathogens
all of the above
74
For fertigation, which one of the following is an advantage for liquid fertilizers vs dry fert?
more readily available
cheaper
lower volatilization constant
less likely to clog
75
Maintenance and preparation of sprayer equipment generally requires:
examine pumps and valves
check and clean strainers
all the above
Checking hoses for leaks
76
The 3 primary types of pesticide degradation are microbial, photodegradation and __:
chemical degradation
hydraulic degradation
thermal degradation
physical degradation
77
Cotton fibers are made of almost 100%
lignin
cellulose
protein
fatty acids
78
The sub sections of land divided by the land survey system are how many acres?
160
80
40
640
79
Drought hurts the most during what stage of growth?
reproductive
rapid growth
vegetative
maturity
80
Hunger signs of K in corn show up as:
midrib yellowing on older leaves
intervenial chlorosis on new leaves
edge burning on older leaves
ears with loose, shaggy husks
81
Which of the following is the most common acid soil infertility factor?
Al toxicity
Mg deficiency
Ca deficiency
Mo deficiency
82
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
never launder pesticide-contaminated clothing with laundry
store pesticides locked in their original labeled containers
all of the above
Keep supply of fresh water near
83
Optimum crop input use-efficiency is best attained by:
knowledge of crop growth stages
all the above
knowing the best rate of input application
periodic equipment calibration
84
A plant with abnormal terminal growth & poor fruit set & stunting is showing the effects of:
coper deficiency
boron deficiency
manganese deficiency
zinc toxicity
85
Which term is not a product of soil erosion?
higher fertilizer requirements
reduced yield potential
sediment
nitrates in ground water
86
An acre furrow slice weighs about:
500,000 lbs
100,000 lbs
2,000,000 lbs
1,000,000 lbs
87
An example of a cultural pest management:
choosing the optimum planting time
crop rotation
all of the above
trap crops
88
Phosphorous fertilizers will most likely be lost from the field by which of the following?
denitrification
erosion
volatilization
leaching
89
When O.M. is converted into N and S by microorganisms is called...
mineralization
nitrification
residue breakdown
fixation
90
Soil texture, organic matter, and __ are the primary factors that determine soil leaching.
macronutrient content
permeability
pH
mineralogical composition
91
The active ingredient in the water soluble liquid insecticide Lannate is:
Dicamba
Methomyl
2, 4-D
Ethyl ester alcohol
92
Several corn fields in a section of land had several stripped leaves. This is caused by:
hail
corn borer
grasshoppers
deer
93
After 200# of N/ac as NH
4
NO
3
on irrigated corn the greatest change in pH would be:
greatest in organic soil
greatest in sandy soil
greatest in clay soil
the same in all
94
Conservation tillage is defined as any practice that:
causes less soil disturbance
reduces the number of trips across the field
decreases surface runoff
leaves 30% or more of the land surface covered with residue
95
A long day plant needs
at least 13 hours of daylight
no sunlight
same day and night lengths
less than 12 hours of daylight
96
There are two kinds of spray drift-spray or particle drift and vapor drift.
ture
false
97
Which of the following is true concerning the effect of rain on pesticide performance?
rain will not effect the persistence of pesticides
rain is a negative factor in regards to pesticide apps
rain immediately after an application washes it off
all of the above
98
Which micronutrient is most likely to become most limiting in corn production?
Manganese
Zinc
Boron
Iron
99
Under normal conditions when cotton is fruiting, a new branch is produced about every:
3 days
6 days
10 days
14 days
100
When anhydrous is the N source, what will have the greatest effect on size of ammonia retention
N rate
soil water
soil texture
soil organic matter
101
The micro-pore space in the soil increases with:
decreasing organic matter content
increasing clay content
decreasing clay content
increasing sand content
102
What changes might be anticipated when shifting to reduced or no-till cropping systems?
increased availability of soil N and S
fewer insects
accumulation of P near the surface of the soil
few disease problems
103
Common reasons for one out of every three sprayers being miscalibrated by as much as 30% is:
worn or damaged spray tips
all the above
wrong ground speed
excessive spray pressure
104
If a soil has the desired pH but is in need of Ca, what product should be used?
Dolomitic Lime
Gypsum
Calcitic Lime
Kanite
105
A group of soil organisms that are primarily responsible for nitrification:
Fungi
Heterotrophs
Actinimycetes
autotrophs
106
A biennial plant completes it's life cycle in:
more than 2 years
2 years
1 year
6 months
107
The downward movement of water within a soil is called:
movement
leaching
percolation
water gradient
108
The total number of positively charged ions a soil can hold is called its:
cation quantity
Cation exchange capacity
cation supply capacity
complete exchange capacity
109
Which one of the following statements about 2-4 D is not true?
drift can be a problem
the exact mechanism of action is not known
it does increase cell enlargement
2-4 D has a single mode of action
110
How can the effectiveness of legume nodules be determined?
analyze the first mature trifoliate leaf for N
count the nodules with 5-7 cm of the central root
check the coloration of the older leaves for N deficiency
cut the nodules and check for red or pink interior
111
Which of the following would be an advantage of organic N sources such as clover tissue?
the N will be a slow release form of N
the N cannot be lost through ammonia volatilization
the N will not leach
the N will not damage germinating seed and seedlings
112
A non oil seed legume such as lima beans or cowpeas is classified as:
hay crop
grain crop
silage crop
pulse crop
113
The amount of N applied to wheat mostly depends upon:
whether the wheat is to be used for grain or forage
the cultivar of wheat
the chemical form of the fertilizer
the amount of rainfall in November
114
What does "A" stand for in A=RKLSCP used by the USDA soil conservation service?
average soil loss in tons per acre per year
all the erosion in a particular field
acres in a particular farm plan
acres in a particular field
115
Plowing down rye covercrop before planting the next crop is called:
cover cropping
pre-manuring
green manuring
rye plowdown
116
What percent of the applied phosphorus is available to the current crop?
5%-10%
40%-50%
20%-30%
30%-40%
117
what process describes the movement of N in the soil solution to the surface of the roots?
mass flow
diffusion
root interception
leaching
118
What is the Ca content in pure CaCO
3
80%
48%
20%
40%
119
Which of the following is not true concerning organic matter in the soil?
energy source for soil organisms
soil granulator
source of essential plant nutrients
low water holding capacity
120
Which of the following is the best way to apply Mo?
seed applied - dry
foliar spray
broadcast with P and K prior to planting
seed applied with a sticker
121
A nitrogen tank at a chem dealer sprung a leak spilling 28% N. This is called:
fertilizer spill
non-point source contamination
chemical discharge
point source contamination
122
Pesticide resistance can be minimized by:
using pesticides with several modes of action
never changing the pesticide from year to year
using no pesticides at all
pesticides with single modes of action
123
The most important factor for affecting disease development is:
relative humidity and soil moisture
air and soil
moisture and temperature
light and wind
124
The basic building block for most nitrogen fertilizers is:
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Anhydrous ammonia
Urea
125
Mo would most likely be recommended for which one of the following crops:
silage sorghum
cotton
corn
soybeans
126
The active acidity of a soil is measured to determine:
buffer pH
soil texture
cation exchange capacity
soil pH
127
Which group of plant pathogens cannot be controlled chemically?
bacteria
fungi
nematodes
viruses
128
A peanut disease primarily controlled by regular applications of fungicides is:
phytophthora root rot
leaf spot
white mold
cylindrocladium black rot
129
Optimum soil pH for cash grain crops is:
5.7 to 6.2
5.5 to 6
6.5 to 7
6 to 6.5
130
Electrical conductivity measures:
nitrates in the ground water
nutrients in plant sap
concentration of salts in solution
electrical potential of water
131
A herbicide mode of action that causes bending and twisting of stems, leaf cupping is called:
photosynthetic inhibitor
growth regulator
cell membrane disrupter
pigment inhibitor
132
At what growth stage does the soybean plant start fixing its own nitrogen?
V2
V12
R1
V6
133
If Ca is needed but a change is pH is not, which one of the following would be the best source?
Gypsum
Dolomitic Lime
Calcitic Lime
Basic slag
134
Plant disease development is based on three factors which include: AKA disease triangle
soil, water, and light
plants, soil, and water
water, light, and temperature
environment, susceptible host, and pathogen
135
2 ton of 100% effective CaCO
3
is used to raise the pH 1 pt. How much MgCO
3
is needed if 100%?
2 ton
2.5 ton
1.5
3 ton
136
Pesticide runoff can cause:
all the above
surface water contamination
direct injury to non-target plants
fish kills
137
The effect of years of tillage on soil organic matter content:
decrease soil organic matter
increase humus content
remain unchanged
increase soil organic matter
138
When is banding of P most beneficial?
When acidity is low
When soils are high in exchangeable iron and aluminum
When leaching is a problem in sandy soils
When seed is planted late in warm, wet soils
139
Triticale is a man-made species of small grain developed from a hybrid between:
wheat and rye
barley and rye
barley and oat
wheat and barley
140
The soil percentages of sand, silt, and clay in soil determines soil:
composition
texture
class
particles
141
The first of the basic strategies of Integrated Pest Management is:
Cultural controls, including crop rotation and sanitation
Selecting the proper chemical control method
determination of the economic threshold
Identification of the insect pest and any beneficial in
142
When a nutrient is immobilized:
it's tied up by the soil minerals
it's tied up by the soil microorganisms
it's taken up by the plant
it's fixed by Ca
143
Some pesticides may be used to:
all of the above
repel pests
attract pests
regulate pest growth and development
144
The soil component with which pesticide adsorption is most closely associated is:
clay
oxygen
organic matter
water
145
A pesticides soil adsorption, persistence, and __ are the major factors that influence leaching
mechanism of action
physical state
melting point
water solubility
146
Potassium primarily moves in the soil by the process of:
root interception
mass flow
leaching
diffusion
147
The primary reason why irrigation systems run for 30-40 min after fertilizer injection is done:
to make sure crop is adequately irrigated
to ensure system is adequately flushed
to ensure all fertilizers move deep enough into root zone:
To ensure that all fertilizer is washed off leaves
148
Once proper herbicide has been selected, the most critical factor in determining a herbicide is
cost of the chemical
application rate and stage of crop and weed growth
whether a soil is well fertilized
condition of the application equipment
149
A short day plant needs___before flowering:
no sunlight
less than 12 hours of day light
same day and night lengths
at least 13 hours of day light
150
A thorough spray coverage is required for contact herbicides bc a contact herbicide effects:
in the root area
in only where it contacts it
in the entire plant
in the meristem area
151
Nutrient cycling is brought about by what soil forming factor?
parent material
time
climate
living organisms
152
The primary enzyme responsible for urea breakdown is:
Uranase Reductase
Nitrate reductase
Urea Reductase
Urease
153
Aluminum is most likely to be toxic in:
muck soils with a pH of 4.5
clay soils with a pH of 4.5
sandy soils with a pH of 5.5
sandy soils with a pH of 4.5
154
Which crop rotation will require the least amount of N of for corn?
corn-soybean-wheat
corn-soybean-alfalfa
wheat-corn-soybean
wheat-soybean-corn
155
In regards to by-products which may be used as lime sources, which one of the following is ture
they all have high concentrations of P
nutrients not in w/ lime material are ready for plant uptake
Max load rate may be controlled by a nonlime material B & Co
they are all finely ground
156
Soybeans with adequate soil moisture, should generally be planted
3-4 in deep
1.5 in deep
2-3 in deep
1-2 in deep
157
Some pesticides are not as effective as they once were; this may be due to:
improper storage of the pesticide
all the above
changes in formulation
pest mutation and adaptation
158
A general yellowing of new growth on wheat can be caused by a lack of:
calcium
sulfur
phosphorous
magnesium
159
Pesticide resistance:
does not develop as a result of pesticide appls
is a genetic effect that can be passed along to offspring
pests having an ability to survive a formally lethal dose
all of the above
160
What is the ratio of fertilizer?
the relative amounts of N P K
the source of N P K
The percentage content of N, P2O5, and K2O
The relative proportion of N, P2O5, and K2O
161
A cotton boll is mature and can be defoliated when:
nodes above open boll is 3
the seed coat is turning brown
the boll cant easily be sliced with a knife
all of the above
162
The movement of a pesticide in water over a sloping surface is called:
leaching
adsorption
absorption
runoff
163
A dust storm is what kind of wind erosion?
saltation
suspension
splash
surface creep
164
The following soil property can be changed by soil management:
soil association
soil texture
soil structure
soil series
165
When plants take more K than needed, the process is called:
lodging
nitrification
leaching
luxury consumption
166
The best plant symptom of compaction is:
all the above
tall corn-short corn syndrome
roots grow horizontally
lower leaves turn yellow
167
When are the ridges made in a ridge-till system
previous fall
during cultivation
prior to planting
during planting
168
The point at which the control measures should be taken is:
economic treatment
integrated pest management
economic injury level
economic threshold
169
Nematodes are:
single-celled organisms
crustaceans
microscopic roundworms
mollusks
170
The following is true about the term "Soil Loss Tolerance"
Acceptable erosion rates are dependent on the farmer
Sheet & rill is at a rate that will not destroy long term
Sheet & rill is not a problem if gullies do not occur
There is no erosion from sheet, rill, and gully erosion
171
A pesticide formulation that, when released, produces a toxic gas is called:
a ULV
both fumigant and aerosol
an aerosol
a fumigant
172
Cultural practices used to help control weeds include:
row widths
planting dates
all the above
plant populations
173
Which of the following has more nitrogen?
Dairy cattle
Poultry
Swine
Beef cattle
174
A contact herbicide that causes desiccation of a plant tissue is called a:
cell membrane disrupter
growth regulator
pigment inhibitor
growing point disintegrator
175
The soil particle that is the smallest
aggregate
clay
sand
silt
176
The environment factor that corn is most sensitive to at the time of pollination is:
high temperatures
low sunlight intensity (high cloud cover)
lack of adequate N in the soil
lack of adequate P in the soil
177
The numbers for P and K reported on a soil test report form represent:
Index values
will vary with the lab
ppm of residual P and K
lbs./Acre of residual P and K
178
The following soil class is suited for cultivation:
VII
VI w
IV e
V
179
At what soil pH values is there more hydrolysis of urea?
hydrolysis doesn't depend on pH
basic
neutral
acidic
180
What is soil structure?
the way the soil is layered
the ability of soil to support big structures like buildings
the aggregation or grouping of sand, silt, and clay
the percent sand, silt, and clay
181
High temp is 90 low is 50 for the day. What is the GDD accumulated for that day?
18
15
20
40
182
Winter annuals emerge:
in the spring
in the fall
in the summer
in the winter
183
Use of acid forming starter fertilizers would not likely increase the uptake of which of these?
Cu
Mn
Mo
Zn
184
The optimum seeding rate for alfalfa is:
10-11 lbs/ac
8-9 lbs/ac
12-15 lbs/ac
22-23 lbs/ac
185
The N rate recommendation for a soil test is based on?
total soil N
Extractable soil nitrates
N rates studies + experience
Extractable soil ammonium form of N
186
A terrace is used to:
reduce slope length and sheet and rill erosion
prevent gully erosion
reduce the velocity of runoff water
all the above
187
What factor is most important in determining the K availability of sandy textured soils:
soil pH
organic matter content
depth of subsoil clay
magnesium concentration
188
Which soil structure is normally found in topsoil?
prismatic
columnar
subangular blocky
granular
189
One hundred pounds of 5-10-15 will supply how many pounds of K?
10
15
12
5
190
The type of soybean seed planted to obtain certified seed for farmer use are known as:
breeder
fourth generation
foundation
pedigree
191
After all the soil pores are filled from rainfall:
saturation
wet soil condition
wilting pt
field capacity
192
The soil components to which pesticides may adsorb are:
sand and silt
sandstone and shale
organic matter and clay
both sand, silt, sandstone and shale
193
As bulk density increases the % pore space:
does not change
decreases
fluctuates up and down
increases
194
The method by which SCS measures the amount of crop residue:
trash measuring method
one hundred foot tape method
line point method
crop residue method
195
The terms pesticide "adsorption" and pesticide "absorption" refer the same phenomenon.
False
Ture
196
The binding of pesticide molecules to soil particles is called:
uptake
adsorption
degradation
transfer
197
A large seed is generally planted
only in heavy soil
shallower
later
deeper
198
_ refers to the degree to which a substance may be regarded as being poisonous:
toxicity
hazard
risk
exposure
199
The primary purpose of Ca in liming materials is to:
neutralize H in solution
reduce active acidity
replace H on exchange sites
raise the pH
200
LD
50
values are expressed in terms of:
both milligrams/kg of body weight and ppm
milligrams of compound per kg of body weight
micrograms of compound per liter or air or water
parts per million
201
Which of the following has the least influence on herbicide performance?
soil structure
soil texture
organic matter
soil pH
202
A typical range for the C:N ratio in soils
4:1 to 9:1
20:1 to 30:1
10:1 to 12:1
none of the above
203
The benefits of using an adjuvant with the pesticide is:
dissolved leaf surface wax and dirt build up
stimulate stomate aperture opening
change the surface tension of the spray
improved permiability of leaf pores
204
Which of the following is not true concerning organic matter in the soil?
soil granular
source of essential plant nutrients
energy source for soil organisms
low water holding capacity
205
Potential sources of groundwater contamination by pesticides might include:
storage areas
disposal and equipment cleaning areas
mixing and loading sites
all of the above
206
The point at which the force of extraction by the plants is not enough to obtain enough water:
permanent wilting pt
saturation
water holding capacity
field capacity
207
Which one of the following limestones has the highest RNV or ECCE?
hydrated lime
calcitic lime
dolomitic lime
gypsum
208
Which of the following can be toxic to plants in acidic soil?
manganese
molybdenum
boron
all the above
209
Which micronutrient is most likely to become most limiting in soybean production with high OM?
Iron
Manganese
Zinc
Boron
210
1 ton of a fertilizer material of guaranteed analysis 0-45-0 contains:
the equivalent of 900 lbs of P2O5
the equivalent of 900 lbs of K2O
the equivalent of 450 lbs of K2O
450 lbs of KCl
211
Soil water is unavailable to a growing crop when:
the soil profile is totally saturated
the soil relative humidity drops below 45%
soil moisture levels drop below the wilting point
a soil reaches its field capacity
212
The best resource data on soils in reference to location, use, and management is:
satellite based land use and land cover maps
geological based maps
published county soil survey reports
topographic maps with designated flood planes
213
One sign of soil compaction is:
good drainage
lower bulk density
less surface erosion
water logging
214
The kind of soil structure that causes ponding:
friable
blocklike
angular
platelike
215
Which one of the following practices causes the most soil compaction?
working the soil when its dry
over use of fertilizers
running heavy equipment on dry soil
running heavy equipment on wet soil
216
When alfalfa seed does not germinate but has all the correct environment:
low vigor seed
dormancy
seed protection
dead seed syndrome
217
Which crop would be most sensitive to low pH soils:
bermudagrass
soybean
alfalfa
corn
218
The principle forms of N in anaerobic animal waste lagoons are:
ammonium and nitrate
organic N and nitrate
nitrate and nitrite
organic N and ammonium
219
A soil containing enough soluble salts to impair the productivity of crops is known as:
saline soil
saline-sodic soil
sodic soil
basic soil
220
For a given weight or volume, the soil particle with the most surface area is:
aggregate
sand
clay
silt
221
How many lbs of K
2
O must be applied to change the soil test reading from 60 to 120?
20
200-240
140-160
60-100
222
Which of the following is an advantage of green manuring?
prevents soil erosion
slow release form of N
traps nitrogen from leaching
all the above
223
The potential acidity of a soil is measured to determine:
Cation exchange capacity
Soil texture
Lime requirement and buffer pH
soil pH
224
Which property of soil cannot be altered by soil management?
soil structure
soil texture
water infiltration
soil organic matter content
225
The bulk density in a compacted soil:
increases
stays the same
decreases
first increase then decrease
226
A practice that includes the shaping and vegetating of a drainage swale to prevent erosion:
grassed waterway
contour
terrace
diversion
227
An insecticide that circulates within a plant or animal to protect it from parasitic pests is:
bioaccumulative insecticide
systemic insecticide
translocated insecticide
contact insecticide
228
A frost killed the top of young corn in the V3 stage. Will the corn survive?
maybe
no
yes
not sure
229
Which lime material would be the most economical?
CCE=90, Purity=80, Effectiveness=70, cost/ton=25
CCE=50, Purity=48, Effectiveness=20, cost/ton=20
CCE=80, Purity=90, Effectiveness=60, cost/ton=20
CCE=50, Purity=50, Effectiveness=50, cost/ton=15
230
At least 80% of crop roots are found in which horizon?
Ap
B
C
E
231
A nutrient is termed mobile in a plant when:
it can be translocated from older to new leaves
it binds with an anion for transport to meristematic regions
It moves from new to older leaves of the plant
it moves easily from soil to plant
232
The land capability class best suited for row crops:
V
I
II
VII
233
Which of the following would most likely leach?
Zn
Mn
B
Cu
234
A practice used to direct runoff away from a potential erosion problem area is a:
all the above
diversion
buffer strip
waterway
235
When added to water, emulsifiable concentrates form:
emulsions
solutions
flowable liquids
suspensions
236
Roundup herbicide is a:
grass specific
amino acid inhibitor
growing point disintegrator
pigment inhibitor
237
An organic soil will have:
greater than 5% O.M.
at least 50% O.M.
greater than 20% O.M.
less than 10% mineral matter
238
Phytotoxicity hazard is usually greatest with which of the following formulations?
solutions
soluble powders
emulsifiable concentrates
wettable powders
239
A protein catalyst that increases the rate of a chemical reaction w/out being used up:
enzyme
catalyst
enhancer
activator
240
Nitrification inhibitors are specific to which one of the following?
Nitrosomonas
Rhyzobia
Fungi
Actinomycetes
241
Certain pesticides can pose real dangers to wildlife by:
all of the above
damaging of eliminating habitat and food sources
contaminating water used by wildlife
direct kill of non-target plants and animals
242
Shielded sprayers are designed to:
killing insects on a specific part of the plant
protect plants while herbicides are being applied
none of the above
Target specific insects
243
Two of root systems in plants are taproot and:
branched
above-ground
fibrous
rhizome
244
Fungicides are used to control or prevent:
disease caused by fungi
diseases caused by virus
disease caused by Nematodes
disease caused by bacteria
245
A selective herbicide:
kills species of plants but not others
can only be used by certain farmers
is always applied pre-plant
only kills weeds
246
Dinitroaniline herbicides are routinely incorporated with mechanical tillage or irrigation to:
Prevent leaching
prevent microbial degradation
prevent losses through volatility
prevent both leaching and volatility
247
After a sufficient rain, all pores are filled; the excess water that drains by gravity is:
free water
available water
excess water
unavailable water
248
Which material moves very little from point of placement in sandy loam soils?
Mg
B
P
K
249
How do you convert phosphorous (P) to phosphate (P
2
O
5
)?
multiply by 2.29
divide P by 2.29 and divide by 100
simply multiply 2 times P to get P2O5
multiply P by P2O5 and divide by 100
250
What can you expect when shifting from conventional till to a no-till system?
nutrient stratification
colder soil temperatures in spring
all the above
Higher insect and weed population
251
Soybean cyst caused by nematodes are identified by:
their lemon shape
because they are comparatively smaller than other cysts
tightly held
all of the above
252
Which one of the following would not be an effective liming material?
MgCO3
CaSO4
K2CO3
CaCO3
253
Which micronutrient is likely to occur in large enough quantities to cause toxicities to plants
Cu
Mn
Zn
Cl
254
A crop planted on the outer edges of the main crop to attract insects away from the main farm:
trap crop
pulse crop
companion crop or nurse crop
border crop
255
What is the normal crop efficiency of applied fertilizer K?
70-90%
30-50%
10-30%
50-70%
256
What is the minimum Mg content for dolomitic limestone?
6%
3%
50%
11%
257
The animal toxicity rating level of a pesticide is indicated by:
the LD-50
the toxic level index as printed on the label
concentration of the active ingredients
the time and method of application
258
The soils that are best suitable for ridge-till system:
gently rolling ground
sandy soils
flat soils with poor permeability
all the above
259
Soybean roots normally become infested with
Rhizobium japonicum
during:
v2
v4
v5
v6
260
Which of the following lime sources is most caustic to skin?
Dolomite
Calcite
Burnt Lime (CaO)
Hydrated Lime (CaOH2)
261
A herbicide application made several days prior to crop planting without soil incorporation is:
PPI
POE
PRE
EPP
262
As a general rule, the pH range for maximum availability of phosphorus to plants is:
5.5 to 6
7 to 7.5
6 to 7
5.7 to 6.2
263
Corn can be expected to recover about __% of applied fertilizer N?
40-60%
10-30%
70-90%
Nearly 100%
264
What term best describes the application of 28% N solution through a center pivot?
foliar fertilization
fertigation
chemigation
fertilization
265
Summer annuals emerge:
in the spring
in the summer
in the winter
in the fall
266
Two nutrient elements of particular importance in peanut fertilization are:
Ca and S
B and Ca
N and Ca
Ca and P
267
The most severe type of water erosion:
rill erosion
saltation
gully erosion
water erosion
268
corn growing point is below the ground:
v6
v4
v7
v8
269
pH of 2 fields is 5 & the lime rate is 1ton for one vs 2ton for the other field; why different?
active acidity
clay type
potential acidity
organic matter levels
270
Which soil conditions produce the most favorable environment for denitrification?
moist and anaerobic
moist and aerobic
dry and anaerobic
dry and aerobic
271
For a given application rate, the drift potential of spray droplets can be minimized by:
using larger volume nozzles
both larger volumes and less pressure
none of the above
reducing pressures at the nozzle
272
A high level of Ca is required in the pegging zone because:
Ca must be absorbed from the peanut hull
soil pH must be above 6.5 for adequate nut development
most Ca needed is absorbed in the first 60 days
Ca is needed in large quantities for proper vine and foliage
273
The way a herbicide kills or severely inhibits plant growth is called:
modus operandi
mode of action
herbicide nomenclature
generic action
274
For elemental S to be used by plants it must be:
reduced to the sulfide form
oxidized to sulfate
Oxidized to nitrate
leached to lower soil depths
275
Soil loss from erosion can reduce potential yield by:
removing soil with the highest organic matter
increasing the water holding capacity
all of the above
increasing the CEC
276
Cross pollination of peanut varieties is not a common problem because:
peanuts propagate vegetatively
peanuts are self fertile and don't cross pollinate
separate wagons are used to dump each variety
farmers always separate varieties by planting far apart
277
When a pesticide volatilizes it:
changes from a liquid to a gas
becomes inactive
changes from a gas to a liquid
leaches in the soil
278
P from several area flows ended up in a lake causing algal blooms. This kind of contamination:
algal bloom
non-point source contamination
point source contamination
phosphorous fixation
279
Fallow is leaving land vacant without a crop. An advantage of a fallow is:
moisture storage
weed control
all the above
erosion control
280
A seed treatment fungicide controls:
only soil born diseases
all diseases
only seed borne diseases
both seed and soil borne diseases
281
The tillage system where a double disk mounted in front of a planter that scrapes the residue:
minimum till
no-till system
conventional till
ridge-till system
282
As soil acidity declines, the percent base saturation:
changes in proportion with the P-index more than with pH
Remains the same
increases
decreases
283
The variable capacity of soils to store water so that it is usable by plants is called:
porosity
available water holding capacity
permeability
water table
284
The remaining undecomposed material left over from organic matter is called:
plant residue
plant debris
humus
organic soil
285
In most mineral soils about __ of the N in OM is released and available for plant growth annual
5-10%
0.5%
10-20%
1-2%
286
Prolonged application of animal manure is most likely to build high soil tests for which?
N
P
Mg
K
287
Which of the following would be true about a pesticide which is highly toxic?
one teaspoon orally would be enough to kill a human
The signal word on the label is DANGER
both WARNING and teaspoon as a lethal dose to humans
The signal word on the label is WARNING
288
The amount of lime needed for a particular soil will not depend on which one of the following:
crop to be grown
soil Mg level
soil pH
cation exchange capacity
289
The largest amount of soil is moved by what form of wind erosion?
surface creep
sand blasting
suspension
saltation
290
A frost killed soybeans above the soil line. The roots looked good and it was in the V5 stage:
the beans will branch out
the beans will recover
the bean roots will send out another plant to the side
the beans will not recover
291
Controlling infectious plant diseases generally will involve the use of fungicides which are __
systemic
curative
eradicative
preventive
292
In what ways is a double crop system advantageous over a single crop system?
breaks disease cycle
all the above
adds nutrients
breaks insect cycle
293
Which of the following wheats is most commonly grown in the SE?
hard red winter
durham
soft red winter
white
294
If N rates are the same which one of the following N fertilizers
Ammonium nitrate
Urea
Calcium nitrate
Diammonium phosphate
295
Which is the best way to alleviate zinc deficiency in the soil:
foliar feed zinc
zinc chelate in the row
use zinc oxide in the starter
broadcast zinc sulfate
296
Clearing of natural vegetation will cause an increase in erosion by a factor of?
more than half again
triple
double
hundreds or even thousands of times
297
Physiological maturity in soybeans is indicated by:
when the seed and pod turn yellow
when the plant drops half of the leaves
brown layer on the bottom
black layer on the tip
298
Which of the following refers to an immediate effect of a single exposure to a substance?
chronic toxicity
acute toxicity
oral toxicity
dermal toxicity
299
The new growth of alfalfa in the spring comes from:
meristem
terminal bud
crown buds
tap root
300
When comparing cost of lime material, which one of the following should be used?
CEC
CCE
Ca content
ECCE
301
A micronutrient needed by sugarbeets to prevent "crown rot" is:
zinc
molybdenum
calcium
boron
302
A nonselective herbicide is one that:
kills all weeds but not the crop
is the only herbicide available for a particular situation
is capable of killing most green plants
can only be used by farmers with restricted use licenses
303
Which of the following P fertilizers contains both N and P?
OSP
DAP
CSP
TSP
304
Which of the following will influence the movement of nutrients into ground water?
soil texture
ionic form of nutrient
change in soil temperature
amount of nutrients applied
305
Cold test, Tetrazolium test, and accelerated aging test determine the:
seed quality
germination rate
seed cost
seed vigor
306
The enzyme required for urea breakdown is commonly found in which of the following?
Lower soil profiles
Plant cell sap
Sub-surface soils
Organic residues
307
Pesticide losses due to photodegradation can be minimized by:
making evening applications
incorporating the pesticide into the soil
adding a surfactant to the spray mix
all of the above
308
Water percolation in the soil is greatly reduced by:
high gypsum levels
both sodium dispersion and soil compaction
soil compaction
sodium dispersion
309
Which sequence describes complete (complex) metamorphosis?
egg, nymph, adult
egg, naiad, adult
egg, larva, pupa, adult
egg, veliger, adult
310
A soil has a CEC of 5. It contains 0.5 meq of Mg. What is the % base saturation of Mg?
10
20
5
0.5
311
In what form is potassium absorbed by plants?
K- ion
HK2O+ ion
K+ ion
K2O ion
312
__ is the movement of pesticides down through the soil profile:
adsorption
degradation
leaching
absorption
313
Which one of the following is not an advantage of cover crops:
add organic matter to soil
prevent soil erosion
harbor insects and rodents
biodegrade carryover pesticides
314
The material consisting of undecomposed plant and animal residue on or in the soil:
plant residue
plant debris
humus
organic matter
315
The ability of seeds to germinate at a later time when conditions are favorable is called:
high growth rate
high seed production
seed dormancy
allelopathy
316
The physical characteristic(s) that distinguish adult insects from all other animals is/are:
3 body regions
3 pairs of jointed legs
2 pairs of wings
both 3 pair of legs and 3 body regions
317
What is the primary environmental concern with fertilizer P?
excessive application of animal manures
high nutrient leaching on sandy soils
rapid breakdown from crop residues
soil loss due to erosion
318
The source of N with the greatest risk of volatilization loss is...
urea
ammonium sulfate
ammonium nitrate
potassium nitrate
319
Potassium Hydroxide is not commonly used for liming because:
will not raise the soil pH
too expensive
easily lowers the soil pH
it is a salt of a strong acid and weak base
320
Which of the following would be least likely to effect the availability of P:
soil temperature
soil moisture levels
soil K levels
amount of clay in the soil
321
The general rule of thumb for irrigation is keeping the soil moisture at or above:
50%
10%
70%
30%
322
The most acceptable wind condition under which to apply pesticides is a 2-5 mph breeze.
True
False
323
Bioaccumulation refers to:
pesticide residues on fresh produce
pesticide accumulation in soils
the buildup of a chemical in the tissues of animals
herbicide uptake by weeks
324
If a soil has 60% sand, 30% clay, and 10% silt its soil texture is:
sandy clay loam
sandy loam
clay loam
silty clay loam
325
Which of the following fertilizers would be acid forming?
CaSO4
(NH4)2SO4
ZnSO4
CuSO4
326
The cultivated acre (6/23 in) of typical mineral soil would weigh approximately:
500,000 lbs
1,000,000 lbs
2,000,000 lbs
4,000,000 lbs
327
A pesticide that remains active in the environment for a long period of time it is referred to:
persistent
bioaccumulative
soluble
as systemic
328
One type of dense layer common in agriculture soils that reduces air, water & root movement:
horizon
bedrock
plowpan
parent material
329
Which one of the following can be a benefit associated with liming:
decreases soil pH
decreases Mo availability
can increase activity of some herbicides
increases Cu availability
330
The condition when the amount of water remaining in a soil after acted on by gravity is:
wilting pt
saturation
field capacity
available water
331
Nitrogen fertilizers ___ the soil pH:
increase
both increase and decrease
no change
decrease
332
The appropriate location for safe storage of pesticides:
in the original container and protected from sunlight
in a locked storage shed
in low humidity, constant temperature storage
all the above
333
What is the primary environmental concern with P Fertilizer?
excessive application of manure
soil loss due to erosion and eutrophication in lakes
high nutrient leaching on sandy soil
rapid breakdown of crop residues
334
The principle commercial feed-type corn produced in the U.S. is:
dent corn
flint corn
yellow corn
flour corn
335
What is the basic building block of most N fertilizers?
anhydrous ammonia
urea
ammonium sulfate
ammonium nitrate
336
If texture is the only variable, which of the following soils would you expect to have high OM?
loam
sandy clay loam
loamy sand
sandy loam
337
A plant that is susceptible to a pest common to a different crop is called:
a positive vector crop
an alternate host
a deciduous conifer
a weed
338
The off-target movement of pesticides on air currents in particle form:
vapor drift
both vapor and volatilization
volatilization
spray or particle drift
339
Which one of the following is NOT a part of a drainage lay-out?
farm pond
field drain
farm main
field lateral
340
Erosion when numerous small channels several inches deep are formed:
rill erosion
splash erosion
gully erosion
sheet erosion
341
In excess this destroys the granular structure, cause dispersion & poor infiltration of water
aluminum
sodium
calcium
magnesium
342
Irrigation is most critical to soybeans during
R3-6
V12-14
R8-9
R1-2
343
A weed releasing toxic chemicals to eliminate competition of other plants is an example of:
Shade Tolerance
High Growth Rate
Allelopathy
Weed Poisoning
344
Which of the following crops best tolerates drought?
alfalfa
wheat
soybeans
corn
345
Which one of the following is NOT a benefit of drainage?
more timely field operation
higher soil temperatures
increased bulk density
soil aeration
346
The kind of wind erosion that cuts off the young plants at the soil surface is called:
cut worm attack
saltation
sand blasting
suspension
347
Which of the following essential elements can be taken up by the plants as a cation or anion
Mg
P
K
N
348
Desirable pH range for Red Clover is:
5.9 to 6.3
6 to 6.5
6.5 to 7.5
6.3 to 6.5
349
Which micronutrient is most likely to become most limiting in milo production?
Manganese
Zinc
Boron
Iron
350
Soil aggregates are crushed by excessive tillage. This can result in:
increased bulk density
decreased pore space
granular soil becomes plate like
all the above
351
The point at which the cost of pest control equals the amount of the loss bc of the pest is:
integrated pest management
economic injury level
economic injury level
economic threshold
352
"Pursuit" and "classic" herbicides are:
growth regulators
ALS (amino acid) inhibitors
root and shoot inhibitors
photosynthetic inhibitors
353
Which one of the following liquid P fertilizers is used as a common starter?
11-37-0
18-46-0
0-46-0
32-0-0
354
Which is one of the primary roles of N in plant growth?
stomata regulation
carbohydrate metabolism
Enzyme activation
Building proteins
355
Which of the following is not an advantage of a no-till system?
increased earthworm activity
reduced soil erosion
reduced water infiltration rate
fuel and labor savings
356
The single greatest pollutant of surface water, on a mass or volume basis, is:
animal waste
plant residues
eroded sediment
chemicals
357
The physiological maturity in corn is indicated when:
plant lodges
all kernels are yellow
corn reaches R4 stage
black or brown abscission layer at the kernel tip
358
Factors that effect pesticide performance and are directly under applicator control include:
rate and application timing
accurate pesticide placement
soil type and condition
both rate/timing/placement
359
Which one of the following is not a factor to consider before replanting?
type of herbicide used
degree of crop injury
crop price
time of the year
360
Farmers should harvest their last hay crop for the season 30 days before the first frost, why?
so you will have enough time to dry the alfalfa
to let the plant rebuild the carbohydrate reserves
to avoid winter kill
both rebuild carbs and avoid winter kill
361
Which of the following would not refer to a fluid fertilizer?
complete
Prilled
mixed
suspension
362
A plant material that has C:N ratio of 10 has _ N compared to a material with a C:N ratio of 30
no
same
less
more
363
The % soil coverage by crop residue required for SCS conservation tillage:
more than half of the soil surface
about 30% of the soil surface
20% of the soil surface
no specific requirements
364
The spattering of small soil particles caused by the impact of raindrops on wet soils is called
gully erosion
splash erosion
sheet erosion
rill erosion
365
What is the name of a complex plant vascular tissue that conducts water up the plant?
Phloem
Veins
Xylem
Vacular Bundles
366
Which of the following describes the upper level of an aquifer?
recharge area
water table
both saturated zone and recharge area
saturated zone
367
Loamy sand soil pH of 5.6, what causes interveinal chlrosis on the bottom leaves. Cause?
manganese deficiency
magnesium deficiency
nitrogen deficiency
Calcium deficiency
368
Compared to the first bag of fertilizer applied, the second bag of the same fertilizer will...
generate the same additional yield
generate no change in yield
generate less additional yield
generate twice as much yield
369
Metamorphosis refers to the series of changes an insect undergoes as it goes from egg to adult.
Ture
False
