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Research Methods
Research Methods
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Questions
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Answers
1
Name the ASHA resource that provides content vetted by subject matter experts.
Practice Portal
Evidence Maps
Special Interest Group online communities
2
What are three components of EBP in communication disorders
External Clinical Expertise, Expert Opinion, Client Perspectives
External Scientific Evidence, Clinical Expertise, Client Perspectives
External Scientific Evidence, Clinical Expertise, Clinician Perspective
3
A brochure published by ASHA is an example of a ___ source
primary
tertiary
secondary
4
.
power analysis; reliability
survey; odds ratio
power analysis; number of participants
case study; odds ratio
5
.
white papers: grev literature
journals; individual articles
individual articles: journals
grey literature; white papers
6
What is one disadvantage of systematic reviews?
easy to find
relies on existing body of literature
small sample size
7
Meta-analysis is the strongest
True
False
8
A well-designed study
Will never yield spurious, or meaningless, findings
Attempts to control for extraneous variables
Always yields a statistically significant finding
9
Correlational analyses imply a causal/directional relationship between 2 variables, whereas regression analyses do not.
True
False
10
Methods of tenacity and authority are both "ways of knowin?" and thus aspects of
epistemology
efficacy
experience
empiricism
11
"Empirical" refers to research data derived from
correlational designs
Quasi-experimental designs
Experimental manipulations
Observations
12
Snowballing and chain referral are examples of
Extraneous varladies
Sampling strategies
Externa validity
Contro variables
13
.
Intra-rater reliability
External validity
Inter-rater reliabilit
Internal validitv
14
In order to maintain certification, ASHA members must complete 30 continuing education hours every three years.
False
True
15
What are the steps of the EBP process?
Make the Clinical Decision
Frame the Clinical Question
Find the Evidence
Assess the Evidence
16
False information that is spread unintentionally is referred to as a meme.
True
False
17
Synthesized evidence derived from systematic methods is called:
narrative reviews
scoping reviews
systematic reviews and meta-analyses
tutorials
18
"These findings are consistent with…."==Inductive reasoning
False
True
19
The most informative way (or a standardized way) to present descriptive statistics in a figure is to use
box-and-whisker plot
pie chart
scatterpiot
line graph
20
"There is a general lack of research in the area of..."==Research gap
True
False
21
.
qualitative
mixed
longitudinal
quantitive
22
.
background; qualitative
foreground; mixed
background; mixed
foreground; qualitative
23
Experimental questions are most likely to be found in the
The methods section
First paragraph of the introduction
Last paragraph of the introduction
The appendix
24
.
Norminal
Ordinal
25
Indiscriminately running stat tests on data hoping to find a relationship/significant findings with no research qs is
Data dredging
meta-analysis
Cherry picking
p-hacking
26
.
authority
experience
empiricism
tenacity
27
.
there was NO statis sign difference in ratings before and after treatment
there WAS a statistic significant diff in ratings b4 and after treatment
there was NO a clinical signif diff in ratings before and after treatment
28
In developmental research, maturation is the independent variable.
False
True
29
What is an IRB?
A committee for determining if research project is scientifically sound
A committee responsible for determining if proposed research is ethical
A judicial committee responsible for evaluating plagiarism
A government panel responsible for evaluating grant proposals
30
In case-control studies, a "case" represents
someone in the disorder group
the only subiect in the study
someone in the normative sampie
someone in the treatment group
31
.
nominal
extraneous
ordinal
ratio
32
.
tenacity
empirisism
authority
experience
33
.
bivalent
multivalent
group comparison
parametric
34
"The aim of this study is to...."==Purpose statement
False
True
35
.
Reliability
Effectiveness
efficacy
The Rosenthal Effect
36
Beneficence refers to the concept of maximizing benefits while minimizing risks.
False
True
37
.
applied research; basic research
inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning
deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning
basic research; applied research
38
.
operational definition
sampling strategy
knowledge gap
hypothesis
39
A well-designed study attempts to control for extraneous variables
False
True
40
.
descriptive; correlationa.
correlational; experiemntal
experimental; descriptive
experimental: correlational
41
3 subsections of the Methods section of a scholarly research paper: participants, measures, procedures
False
True
42
The extent to which a researcher (or clinican) follows the prescribed research protocol is called ___
external validity
attrition
reliability
fidelity
43
Indiscriminately running statistical tests on data hoping to find a relationship with no research question in mind is
narrative review
Cherry picking
Data dredging
p-hacking
44
Which is not considered a measure of social validity?
statistical significance
perception of meaningtul gains (e.g., response to tX
stakeholder satisfaction
clinical feasibility
45
Which of the following has been identified as being the least studied type of research in ASHA journals
feasibility
intervention
basic
Implementation
46
In developmental research, AGE is the independent variable.
True
False
47
If participants' performance was divided into mild, moderate, and severe stuttering groups=ordinal scale of measurement.
True
False
48
.
Operanona dennition, construct
Construct; operational definition
Dependent variable; independent variable
Independent variable; dependent variable
49
Expert opinion is the weakest
False
True
50
.
scholarly journal articles; attrition blas
white papers; repornng blas
grey literature; publication bias
science journalism; assignment blas
51
False information that is spread unintentionally is referred to as a meme.
True
False
52
According to Coidiero et al. (2015), common flaws in the introduction section include:
clarify operationalization of constructs, research questions and hypotheses
including contradictory previous findings
insufficient background info, or limited to a unique conceptual framework,
relevant and sufnciently detailed previous research
53
Mark two ways to assess change in a multiple baseline single-subject design;
Visually examine trendlines
Establish correlations
Calculate cohen's d
Calculate p values
54
A broad indication of a research article's __ can be estimated by looking at the # of times the article has been cited.
Importance or usefulness to the field
Funding
Innovation
scientific validity
55
.
multiple baseline ABAB; across participants
multiple baseline ABA; across outcomes
multiple baseline ABA; across participants
multiple baseline AB; across outcomes
56
___Is the extent to which results reflect a true cause-effect relationship
Feasibility
Attrition
Internal validity
External validity
57
In multiple baseline single-subject designs, a normative sample serves as the control.
False
True
58
Name the components of a PICO question.
Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome
Person, Internal, Contrast, Outgoing
Population, Intervention, Contacts, Outcome
59
.
Applied research; basic research
Basic research: applied research
Experimental: descriptive
Descriptive; experimental
60
IRBs are required only for research conducted in a university setting.
True
False
61
Group designs have better external validity, compared to single subject designs.
False
True
62
Comparative, descriptive, between groups research designs, any group differences existed before the study
True
False
63
.
time (number of therapy sessions); frequency of stuttering
frequency of eye-blinking and finger tapping; time (# of therapy sessions)
time (# of therapy sessions); frequency of eye-blinking and finger tapping
frequency of stuttering; frequency of eye-blinking and finger tapping
64
Bivalent experiments are important because they can reveal complex interactions between variables.
False
True
65
.
give ½ the participants Task A first and ½ the participants Task
Throw out Task B
throw out lask A
Throw out Task A and Task B
66
Epistemology is the study of nature and foundation of knowledge
False
True
67
"Empirical" refers to research data derived from
Experimental manipulations
Observations
Correlational designs
Quasi-experimental designs
68
In multiple baseline single-subject designs, a normative sample serves as the control.
True
False
69
Which are listed in correct order, from MOST desirable to LEAST desirable?
nominal, ratio, interval, ordinal
ratio, interval, ordinal, nominal
ratio, interval, nominal, ordinal
interval, ratio, nominal, ordinal
70
.
ASHA PT Portal
RTI
NOMS
RCTs
71
.
False
True
72
.
bivalent; vowels and consonants
bivalent; group
multivalent; group and age
parametric; accuracy of spectographic matches
73
"Based on this theory, we predict we will find..."==Deductive reasoning
True
False
74
.
limitations; external validity
participants; inter rater reliability
procedures; internal validity
materials; intra rater reliability
75
The introduction of a research article should include,
confirmatory and contradicting evidence
A discussion of the experimental findings
A detailed description of the experiment
broad review of related previous findings
76
.
.4
.25
4.0
1.5
77
A meta-analysis is an example of a____ source.
primary
tertiary
secondary
78
.
Effectiveness, efficacy
efficacy: effectiveness
Effectiveness: efficiency
79
Sometimes there is a lack of evidence perfectly aligned to your clinical situation. What do you do?
use only anecdotal information from colleagues
clinical expertise/ knowledge of client to determine if the
choose another goal for your client
available evidence extrapolated and applied to your client
80
.
nominal
interval
ratio
ordinal
81
.
grey literature
PICO papers
white papers
EBP briefs
82
Descriptive research methods
are used to assess casually
do not involve manipulation of an indenendent variable.
involve manipulation of one independent variable
involve manipulation of two independent variables
83
.
procedure
data analysis plan
results
method
84
A broad indication of a research articles ____ can be estimated by looking at the # of times the article has been cited.
Importance or usefulness to the field
Scientific validity
Funding
Funding
85
____generally depend on deductive reasoning, whereas ___ depend on inductive reasoning
Rationalists; empiricists
SLPS; psychologists
Empiricists; rationalists
Psychologists; SLPs
86
.
.05
.5
4.0
.12
87
Name the ASHA resource that provides content vetted by subject matter experts.
Practice portal
Special Interest Group online communities
Evidence maps
