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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud
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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
a sedative
an amphetamine
2
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
standardized validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
3
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
4
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
shaping
selection
5
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
6
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
endocrine system
7
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
8
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
9
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
modeled
encoded
retrieved
10
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
functionalism
collectivism
individualism
11
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
12
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
13
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
surprise
fear
14
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
gonads
thalamus
thyroid
15
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
16
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
17
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
mnemonic
18
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
19
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
20
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
21
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
22
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
abstract operations
23
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
intelligence
insight
reasoning
24
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
25
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
loud noise
rat
rabbit
26
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
alcohol
sedatives
narcotics
27
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
28
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
29
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
predictability
accuracy of inference
consistency
30
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
centration
egocentrism
conservation
31
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
32
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
perception
attention
sensation
33
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
cognition
intelligence
introspection
34
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
35
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
prenatals
pathogens
teratogens
36
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
drive theory
37
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
loudness
decibels
timbre
38
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
39
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
morphemes
40
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
41
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
repression
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
42
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
brainstem
reticular formation
limbic system
43
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
44
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
observational learning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
45
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
social charm
aggressiveness
46
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
thalamus
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
47
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
48
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
stirrup
oval window
temporal lobe
49
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
a headache
been dreaming
not really been asleep
50
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
51
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a projective test
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
52
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender stereotypes
53
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
tumor ligation
54
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scores
test levels
test scales
55
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
56
The last area of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
57
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
fluid
procedural
crystallized
58
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
punishment
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
59
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
60
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
61
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
delta
gamma
beta
62
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
personality
attachment
temperament
63
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
64
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
light
food/meat powder
tone
65
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
66
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
67
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
68
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
69
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
70
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
mental set
chunk
schema
71
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
memory
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
72
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
escape learning
73
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
a personality test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
74
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
postconventional
concrete
conventional
75
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
color
saturation
brightness
76
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
social loafing
conformity
group polarization
77
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
physiological recordings
78
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
cognitive dissonance
obedience
groupthink
79
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
80
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
81
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
82
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
83
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
84
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
symmetry
closure
constancy
85
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
criterion-related
construct
content
86
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
87
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
88
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
89
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
90
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
oral
anal
latency
91
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
the relative threshold period
92
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
marital problems
93
Which statistical method is a scatterplot used to find?
means
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
94
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
95
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a delusion
an obsession
a compulsion
96
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
97
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
98
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
fast-mapping
99
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
100
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
compensation
regression
fixation
101
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
102
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
sing a song
fear the dark
tie shoe laces
103
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
the brain
conscious experience
behavior
104
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
105
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
106
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
cultural practices
107
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
thalamus
cortex
spinal cord
108
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
personality
schizophrenic
anxiety
109
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
IQ
a potential score
mental age
110
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
111
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
112
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
psychoanalytic
behavioral
cognitive
113
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
delusions
illusions
hallucinations
114
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
schematizing
cultural direction
115
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
median
midpoint
mean
116
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
mescaline
cocaine
marijuana
117
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
musical
118
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
REM
stage 2
stage 1
119
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
iris
lens
cornea
120
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
strange situation
121
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
change
pressure
conflict
122
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
a contravened bias
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
123
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
124
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
long-term
short-term
intermediate-term
125
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
126
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
127
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
128
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the experimental group
the control group
the observational group
129
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
smell buds
130
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
stereotypes
self-serving bias
attributions
131
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
cookie
132
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
133
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
134
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
extinction
135
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
operant conditioning
136
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
137
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
relearning
reiteration
recognition
138
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
agonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
139
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
140
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
perception
sensation
141
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
142
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
143
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
fill-feed
car-nose
boat-goat
144
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
