What did Snyder and Swann (1978) find about confirmation bias?

Participants tended to ask questions that confirmed their existing beliefs

Why is the representativeness heuristic commonly used?

It simplifies decision-making by reducing cognitive effort

What is an algorithm in decision-making?

A step-by-step, logical process used to reach conclusions

What is the representativeness heuristic?

A bias where people judge likelihood based on similarity to prototypes

What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?

A heuristic where people rely on a reference point when making decisions

What does the availability heuristic lead to?

Overestimating the likelihood of events that are easily recalled

Simple decision rules that minimize cognitive effort

What is the halo effect?

A bias where a positive trait influences judgments of unrelated traits

In the Caverini and Peris (1990) study, what acted as the anchor in teachers' grading?

The fictional grades assigned to the students before the evaluation

What is the illusory correlation?

A tendency to see relationships between unrelated events

What is the primary weakness of heuristics in decision-making?

They introduce systematic biases and errors

What is an example of illusory correlation?

Believing that writing with a lucky pencil caused a student to pass an exam

What was the aim of the Zebrowitz and McDonald (1991) study?

To investigate whether facial attractiveness influences legal judgments

What is confirmation bias?

The tendency to favor information that supports preexisting beliefs

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8.2 Questions

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Answers

1
What did Snyder and Swann (1978) find about confirmation bias?
Participants asked neutral questions to get balanced responses
Participants tended to ask questions that confirmed their existing beliefs
Participants actively sought out disconfirming evidence
Participants formed completely unbiased conclusions
2
Why is the representativeness heuristic commonly used?
It simplifies decision-making by reducing cognitive effort
It oftenleads to correct conclusions
It requires extensive mental processing
It is best used outside of scientific settings
3
What is an algorithm in decision-making?
A mental shortcut used to make quick decisions
A strategy that relies on intuition
A step-by-step, logical process used to reach conclusions
A method of trial-and-error learning
4
What is the representativeness heuristic?
A logical approach to probability
A bias where people judge likelihood based on similarity to prototypes
A rule-based method of evaluating risk
A mental shortcut where people rely on statistics for accuracy
5
What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?
A method for comparing different options rationally
A heuristic that ensures accurate estimations
A heuristic where people rely on a reference point when making decisions
A shortcut that improves long-term memory recall
6
What does the availability heuristic lead to?
Minimizing errors in judgment
Only relying on events that are statistically significant
Overestimating the likelihood of events that are easily recalled
Relying on immediate examples that come to mind in reference to an idea
7
What are heuristics?
Mental shortcuts that guarantee accurate decision-making
A method for eliminating all cognitive biases
A conscious strategy for problem-solving
Simple decision rules that minimize cognitive effort
8
What is the halo effect?
A method used in cognitive therapy
A neurological condition affecting perception
A logical strategy for evaluating intelligence
A bias where a positive trait influences judgments of unrelated traits
9
In the Caverini and Peris (1990) study, what acted as the anchor in teachers' grading?
The complexity of the students' writing
The fictional grades assigned to the students before the evaluation
How good-looking the students were
The handwriting of the students
10
What is the illusory correlation?
A cognitive ability to recognize genuine statistical relationships
A rational way of connecting similar patterns
A scientifically validated method of predicting future events
A tendency to see relationships between unrelated events
11
What is the primary weakness of heuristics in decision-making?
They require too much time and cognitive effort
They prevent logical errors in thinking
They introduce systematic biases and errors
They eliminate cognitive biases completely
12
What is an example of illusory correlation?
Believing that writing with a lucky pencil caused a student to pass an exam
Making decisions based on logical probability calculations
A scientist accurately predicting future trends based on data
Remembering details of a past event with perfect accuracy
13
Which of the following is NOT a heuristic identified by Tversky and Kahneman (1974)?
Cognitive dissonance
Availability
Representativeness
Anchoring and adjustment
14
What was the aim of the Zebrowitz and McDonald (1991) study?
To determine whether facial expressions influence personal relationships
To investigate whether facial attractiveness influences legal judgments
To test whether facial features can accurately predict behavior
To analyze the connection between eye contact and decision-making
15
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to search for information that contradicts one's beliefs
A method for rationalizing uncertainty in memory
Recalling neutral information more accurately than emotional events
The tendency to favor information that supports preexisting beliefs

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