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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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Questions
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1
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
consciousness
sensation
hypnosis
2
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
3
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
cultural practices
exposure to light
4
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
5
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
6
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
reversibility
conservation
egocentrism
7
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
8
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
decibels
timbre
loudness
9
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
memory
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
feeding
10
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
operant conditioning
11
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
12
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
13
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
a headache
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
14
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
15
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
investment differentiations
parental investments
social scripts
16
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the correlational group
the observational group
the experimental group
17
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
18
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
19
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
marijuana
mescaline
cocaine
20
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
perception
sensation
attention
21
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
chunk
script
schema
22
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
23
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
24
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
reasoning
intelligence
creativity
25
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
musical
spatial
26
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
27
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
self-serving bias
attributions
stereotypes
28
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
29
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
30
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
stirrup
oval window
temporal lobe
31
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
32
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
functionalism
attributionism
collectivism
33
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
34
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
drive theory
incentive theory
35
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
36
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
frustration
change
conflict
37
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
unipolar
dissociative
cyclical
38
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
39
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
40
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
alpha
beta
delta
41
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
salivation
light
food/meat powder
42
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
43
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
lens
cornea
iris
44
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
mood
schizophrenic
personality
45
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
a personality test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
46
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
latency
anal
genital
47
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
IQ
48
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
49
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
50
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
51
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
medulla
cerebral cortex
52
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
punishment
53
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
54
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
55
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
pathogens
teratogens
opiates
prenatals
56
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
loud noise
rabbit
fear reaction
57
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
58
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
59
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
60
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
humanistic
cognitive
psychoanalytic
61
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
recognition
relearning
recall
62
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
platonic
phonemic
mnemonic
morphemic
63
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
64
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
65
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
66
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
67
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
thalamus
pineal gland
corpus callosum
68
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
constancy
closure
symmetry
69
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
schematizing
cultural direction
stereotypes
70
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a delusion
a compulsion
a phobia
71
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
construct
criterion-related
absolute
72
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
73
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
74
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
sciatic receptors
75
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
76
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
77
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use a holistic decision model
78
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
predictability
representativeness
consistency
79
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
80
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
encoded
ablated
modeled
81
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
classical conditioning
insight learning
operant conditioning
82
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
spinal cord
thalamus
location of injury
83
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
84
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender differences
gender roles
gender stereotypes
85
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
personality
attachment
behavioral quality
86
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
87
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 2
stage 1
REM
88
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
89
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
behaviorism
90
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
pituitary
thalamus
gonads
91
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
regression
fixation
displacement
92
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
93
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test scores
test levels
test norms
94
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
95
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
96
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
abstract operations
97
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
extinction
unconditioning
98
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
99
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
brightness
light purity
100
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
101
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
attachment probing
strange situation
secure-avoidant
102
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
limbic system
cerebellum
brainstem
103
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
obedience
conformity
cognitive dissonance
104
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
105
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
fluid
episodic
crystallized
106
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
107
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
questionnaires
direct observation
psychological tests
108
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
109
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
boat-goat
tree-bird
fill-feed
110
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
sadness
fear
happiness
111
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
short-term
long-term
intermediate-term
112
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
action potentials
neurotransmitters
agonists
113
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
obsessions
delusions
hallucinations
114
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
115
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
116
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
117
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
118
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
hallucinations
119
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
120
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
121
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
122
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
123
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
cognition
intelligence
mentalism
124
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
125
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
midpoint
mode
mean
126
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
127
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
cannabis
sedatives
narcotics
128
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
social charm
129
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
deindividuation
conformity
social loafing
130
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
observational learning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
131
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
ESB
lesioning
132
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
133
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
postconventional
concrete
conventional
134
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
135
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
escape learning
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
136
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
print letters
sing a song
tie shoe laces
137
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
138
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
139
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
behavior
the unconscious
conscious experience
140
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
is reliable
141
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
142
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
predictive validity
143
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
144
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
correlation coefficients
percentiles
standard deviation
145
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
subliminal perception
a false alarm
146
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
147
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
repression
avoidance
148
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
149
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
150
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
time of testing
sequential
longitundinal
