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research methods MCQ
what is this equation used for? Y ̂=a+b(X)
which apply to ratio
research methods MCQ
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1
which apply to ratio
names,labels
ranks,preferences
true differences and a true zero
truedifferences between points but no true zero
2
what is this equation used for? Y ̂=a+b(X)
calculating Wiener's reliability score
predict the outcome using Chronbach's alpha
calculating Shapiro Wilke's
predicting outcomes using a straight line
3
what kind of hypothesis has no difference between the means of our experimental conditions
two-tailed experimental hypothesis
null hypothesis
one-tailed experimental hypothesis
non-directional haypothesis
4
Rank (from smallest to largest) the score of 5 in the following set of scores: 9, 3, 5, 10, 8, 5, 9, 7, 3, 4
4.5
5
3
4
5
which of these is defined as the frequency of pre-defined behaviour
discourse analysis
content analysis
thematic analysis
grounded theory
6
30 kids IQ is ranked and assigned numbers from 30=most intelligent-1=least intelligent. Which data type is used?
ordinal data
ratio data
nominal data
interval data
7
40 6 y/os show a time when teach was angry using dolls all pps taped 20 told the teach sees 20 not Whats the design
repeated measures design
matched design
between-subjects design
mixed design
8
what is defined as recording a behaviour of interest every time it occurs
instantaneous sampling
event sampling
systematic sampling
random sampling
9
which of these are the correct 4 criteria to match quantitative criteria (Shenton, 2004)?
credibility, transferability, accuracy, confirmability
credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability
credibility, transferability, dependability, accuracy
credibility, accuracy, dependability, confirmability
10
which of these are research designs
MBD
SSRD
RCT
ABAB
11
Which of the following are assumptions underlying the use of parametric tests?
Some feature of the data should be normally distributed
The samples being tested should have approximately equal variances
The data should be at least interval level
all the above
12
what analyses differences between means of three or more conditions of one IV
factorial ANOVA
ANCOVA
MANOVA
one way ANOVA
13
what are the 3 ways of science communication between scientists
scientific conferences, exposure, guest lectures/seminars
peer reviewed publication, scientific conferences, exposure
peer review publication, scientific conference, guest lectures/seminars
exposoure, peer reviewed publication, guest lecturs/seminars
14
we have greater confidence that the IV was responsible for any changes/differences observed in the DV
ecological validity
internal validity
external validity
context validity
15
Another researcher is able to take your dataset, use your published analysis strategy, and derive the same results
repredictability
resilience
replicability
reproducibility
16
A Cronbach’s alpha level of .85 for a questionnaire means that:
The questionnaire is valid
The questionnaire has too few items
The questionnaire produces different scores at two different time points
The questionnaire has good reliability
17
Focus on how interactions are represented in talk and what action the talk represents in natural conversation
grounded theory
conversational analysis
discourse analysis
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
18
what is defined as attempting to understand participants’ experiences from their perspective
discourse analysis
content analysis
thematic analysis
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
19
what does a contingency table show?
all the above
chi squared results
the mean, mode and median averages
observed and expected frequencies and sometimes % proportions
20
what analyses the effect of multiple IVs interaction on DV as well as their individual effectsm
factorial ANOVA
MANOVA
ANCOVA
one way anova
21
level of agreement between two (or more) observers that have made their observations of the same ‘events’ independently
reliability testing
agreement principle
validity
inter observer reliability
22
Researchers actively manipulate IV and assign pps to conditions/assign the order that pps see the conditions
quasi experiments
true experiments
23
Levene's test tests whether
The variances in different groups are equal
Group means differ
Data are normally distributed
The assumption of sphericity has been met
24
which are questionable research parctices (QRPs)
Lack of transparency
HARKing (Hypothesising After Results are Known)
Cherrypicking
p-hacking (data peeking)
25
which statement is true?
IV is the cause, DV is the effect
CV is the cause, DV is the effect
IV is the cause, CV is the effect
DV is the cause IV is the effect
26
There will be a difference between the means of our experimental conditions
one-tailed hypothesis
non-directional hypothesis
null hypothesis
two-tailed hypothesis
27
Researchers don't actively manipulate IV because they are investigating existing variables/it'd be unethical to do so
quasi experiment
true experiment
28
Who's key paper outlines the steps of thematic analysis?
Grey and Clarke
Braun and Clarke
Braun and Hayfield
Clarke and Hayfield
29
what is used to test reliability and validity
spearsman's test
pearson's test
chi squared test
triangulation
30
Chi-square is used to analyse:
observed and expected frequencies
ranks
scores
all of the above
31
Other variables that may influence the DV – these need to be controlled in the design
dependent variable
independent varianble
confound variable
control variable
32
what is used to investigate human behaviour so that James’ psychologist’s fallacy could be avoided
controlled environment
ABAB
phenomenology
double blind trial
33
what is the t test equation?
b observed+b expected)/(SE b)
(SE b2)/(b oberved- b expected)
(b observed - b expected) /(SE b)
(b2-b)/(SE b)
34
which is not a method for testing nomality
Shapiro-Wilk
skewness and kurtosis information
histograms
pearsons test
35
what focuses on how people construct and make sense of their world
constructionism
compliance
facism
expressionism
36
probability a statistical summary would be equal to or more than its observed value under a specified statistical model
standard deviation
range
mean
p-value
37
how many t-tests should be used for 4 groups?
6
1
4
2
38
what is not a disadvantage of within subject design
practice effect
Requires more participants
oreder effects
fatigue effects
39
what is homogenity?
the distributions are very similar in variance and non-significant
the variety of significant distributions
two experiments using the same method create different results
there is only one variable impacting thre DV
40
what seeks to provide rich thorough descriptions and interpretations about the phenomena under study as they occur
natural experiments
qualitative data
laboratory experiments
quantitative data
41
Alternating the order of conditions that participants experience
experimentation
ANOVA
counterbalancing
randomisation
42
if people have put their weight behind a belief, they are invested in it and are likely to fight its corner
sunk cost fallacy
motivation bias
ignorance policy
cost efficiency
43
what checks you're measuring what you intend to
accuracy
validity
reliability
precition
44
what does IV stand for?
intuitive variable
intake variable
inclination variable
independent variable
45
what is the tendency to ignore evidence which contradicts our existing beliefs
clustering illusion
selection bias
ecological bias
confirmation bias
46
what is the consistency and accuracy of results for a population
precision
validity
reliability
accuracy
47
what term is defined by narrative, or story, form that is intuitively appealing to humans
intuitive message
encoded message
statistical message
narrative message
48
what is R
2
the % chance of a correlation
the full range of answers to the hypothesis
the proportion of the variation in the DVthat is predictable from the IV
the ranking of one stimuli reliability in comparison to another
49
When items on a questionnaire appear to correlate to the construct the questionnaire claims to measure, it has:
content validity
criterion validity
ecological validity
factorial validity
50
There will be a difference between the means of our experimental conditions in a specific direction
non directional hypothesis
null hypothesis
one-tailed experimental hypothesis
two-tailed experimental hypothesis
51
anxiety of 8 lectures is taken in a normal and disruptive lecture.What test compares mean anxiety levels in the lectures
Paired-samples t-test
One-way ANOVA
Mann-Whitney test
Independent-samples t-test
52
How can reliability and validity be shown in qualitative research?
all the above
Commitment and rigour
Coherence and transparency
sensitivity to context
53
what term is used to describe messages contain a major premise & supporting evidence in the form of empirical statistics
imperative message
narrative message
encoded message
statistical message
54
what is a recording of the behaviour(s) of interest of an individual is made at a predetermined time interval
instantaneous sampling
systematic sampling
ethogram
focal sampling
55
what is a coefficient?
the degree of freedom
multiple IV work together to form a strong, significant effect on the DV
the slope of a line of best fit
the DV are effected by an equal amount
56
Which method can be used to help establish trustworthiness in qualitative data?
chronbach's alpha
test-retest reliability
credibility
content validity
57
physiological reactions were compared watching horror films comedy films and a documentary what test analyses the data?
Kruksal-Wallis test
Repeated-measures analysis of variance
Independent analysis of variance
Friedman's ANOVA
58
How many dependent variables does a One-way ANOVA have?
2
3
1
4
59
what is a thought brings such a small automatic reaction that it remains outside of the awareness of the subject
placebo effect
Ideomotor phenomenon
reflex awareness
science
60
what is not true of a structured observation?
systematic
descrete observation
untimed
produces numerical data
61
which of these is defined as the identification of common themes
content analysis
discourse analysis
conversational analysis
thematic analysis
62
what does Cohen's D d=(M1 -M2)/√((SD12+SD22)/2) measure?
chi squared
true value
effect size
total
63
the main modes of scientific communication to the public are:
journalism, online interactions, face to face events
publication, journalism, online interactions
publication, face to face events, online interactions
face to face events, publication, journalism
64
If we calculated an effect size and found it was r = .62 which expression would best describe the size of effect?
medium to large
large
small
small to medium
