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Patho 2: EXAM 1 Part 2 Flashcards | StudBud
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Patho 2: EXAM 1 Part 2
Patho 2: EXAM 1 Part 2
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StudBud Administration
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17 plays
Lectures 7->9
Flashcards
78 cards
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Practice quiz
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Host live
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Questions
78
Answers
1
Which of the following are oncogenes?
p53
Neu
Myc
K-ras
DCC
APC
2
E6
and
E7
gene products bind to host tumor suppressor proteins ______ & ______ blocking their activity
Rb
Tf
p53
p21
3
Which of the following are stue statements
IOP - net inflow (secretion) and outflow (drainage) of aqueous humor
Pressure in vitreous humor influences pressure in aqueous humor
Vitreous largely stagnant - enclosed in collagen sheath (hyaloid)
Normal IOP 10 - 20 mm Hg
4
Which statement about Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is FALSE?
Decreases oxygen/nutrients for RPE and photoreceptors
Focal deposition of acellular debris(drusen) between RPE & Bruch’s membrane
Deposits vary in size - indicates disease severity
Starts in peripheral retina and progresses to macula
5
Which of the following is true regarding Phosphokinase C (PKC)?
Activated by ROS
Upregulates VEGF
Phosphorylates tight junctions leading to BRB breakdown
Activates inflammatory cytokines like NFkB
6
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
E6
and
E7
are viral ____________ that can cause transformation
Oncogenes
Tummor Suppressor genes
7
Glucose is reduced to _______ which accumulates in cells & acts as an intracellular osmotic that can lead to cell death.
Sorbitol
Glycogen
Galactose
Maltose
8
An oncogene is when a cell loses growth suppressive gene function
False
True
9
Which of the following are true about VEGF?
Decreases vascular cell permeability
Upregulates cell survival
Inhibits apotosis pathways (Bad and Caspase 9)
Increases vascular cell proliferation
10
Nonmyelinated fibers are prone to damage from pressure and anoxia
False
True
11
Which statement about aqueous humor production/inflow is
FALSE
?
Fluid in anterior (250 μL)
Formed in ciliary body epithelial cells - active secretion of Na/Cl
Initially secreted into posterior chamber (behind lens)
Trick question - all of the above are true
Fluid in posterior (250 μL)
Bathes/‘nourishes’ lens and iris
12
Which clinical presentation of Closed-Angle Glaucoma are true?
Major symptoms: blurred or hazy vision, halos around lights
Typically rapid onset and symptomatic acute episodes
Very high IOP(>60 mm Hg) can produce permanent loss of visual field rapidly
High IOP (40 - 90 mm Hg) when symptoms present
13
Which of the following are true of Triple negative breast cancer?
Often p53-positive
Tend to be most aggressive
Her2/Neu, BRCA1, BRCA2 negative
Can be more responsive to conventional chemotherapy
Her2/Neu, ER, PR negative
Don’t respond to Herceptin or anti-estrogens
14
_____ causes an increase in vascular permeability and produces angiogenesis
K-Ras
TGF-β
TNF-α
VEGF
15
Which genetic factors will increase your risk of macular degeneration?
increased function mutation of complement factor C3
increased function mutation of complement factor M
loss of function mutations of complement factor p53
loss of function mutations in complement factor H
16
Her2+ breast cancers tend to be _____________ with a _____________
More aggressive; Poorer prognosis
Less aggressive; Poorer prognosis
More aggressive; Better prognosis
Less aggressive; Better prognosis
17
The presence of at least one large druse would indicate which stage of disease progression?
Early AMD
Advance Neovascular AMD
Intermediate AMD
Advanced Non-Neovascular AMD
18
Which of the following are ways to evade the immune system?
Secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines to dampen immune cell activity
Modulate the expression of MHC class I antigens
TGF-β down regulates TH1 cells
Promote interactions with cytotoxic (Tc) and natural killer T (TNK) cells
19
Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) reduces the risk of developing breast cancer
True
False
20
Which effect of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy is described as scattered red spots?
Cotton-wool spots
Dot hemorrhages
21
Which of the following statements is coffect about how the iris affect aqueous humor outflow?
Radial muscle contraction dilates the pupil (mydriasis)
Circular muscle contraction constricts the pupil (miosis)
Dilating the pupil can decrease outflow of aqueous humor
Iris has radial and circular smooth muscle
22
In Colorectal cancer many times malignant tumors arise from adenomas polyps, which are considered pre-malignant
True
False
23
Which of the following virally-induced tumors is caused by an RNA virus?
Leukemia, Sarcoma
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Carcinoma of cervix
Adult T-cell leukemia or lymphoma
24
Which of the following are true about proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Vision loss due to hemorrhages and retinal detachment
Early stage of disease leads to neovascularization
VEGF produces angiogenesis
Responds to continued retinal ischemia
25
Which of the following are true of progenitor cells?
Product of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) division
Have tumorigenic potential
Predominate the tumor
Do not have tumorigenic potential
26
Her2 codes for a receptor with ____________ activity on the internal domain
Alinine kinase
Tyrosine kinase
Apsartate phosphatase
Thyroxine phosphatase
27
___________ means cancer cells do not require a basement membrane to grow
Membrane independence
Anchorage independence
Loss of contact inhibition
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs)
28
Which of the following characteristic of colorectal cancer are correct?
Fast progression to develop small, non-malignant polyps
75% of tumors have inactivating mutations of p53
25% show family history
50% have point mutations in ras (speciically codon 12 of K-ras)
29
Neovacular AMD is more common and less severe
False
True
30
Which of the following are true of Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)?
10-15% of all colorectal tumors
Loss of MMR = genomic instability, mutation, microsatellite instability
The result of defects in mismatch repair (MMR)
The result of polyp formation
31
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (Her)- type 2 is ____________ in some pre-invasive and invasive breast carcinomas
Underexpressed
Overexpressed
32
Her2
/
Neu
is an oncogene
False
True
33
Which of the following is
NOT
true of p53
Loss of p53 function is found in >90% of cancers
The p53 pathway is central to sensing DNA damage
Promotes programmed cell death (apoptosis) in response to DNA damage
Known as the Guardian of the Genome
34
Early diagnosis is important because nephropathy appears before retinopathy
False
True
35
Which of the following prtoeins and lipids contribute to Drusen?
Amyloid β
Inflammatory mediators
Complement components (C3)
Apolipoprotein E
36
Which of the following statemnt regarding POAG is
FALSE
Has no uveoscleral outflow
Increased IOP caused by decreased aqueous outflow
Decreased meshwork flow by cell debris, amyloid-βdeposits, cell contraction
Is age related - 80-90% cases
37
In both POAG and CAG increased IOP is caused by decreased aqueous outflow
True
False
38
In glaucoma, optic nerve changes are charcterized by:
Progressive loss of visual sensitivity and visual field
Immidiate loss of vision
Damage/apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells
Damage/apoptosis of the retina
39
Which of the following would
NOT
cause an override of the cell cycle?
Over expression of cyclin/cdks (Oncogenes) can cause cell cycle progression
Lose activity of CIP or INK, can get DNA replication with damaged
Loss of CDK activity, can get over phospharylation of proteins
Loss of p53, lose negative regulators of cell cycle, uncontrolled growth
40
_____________ is the site of damage in glaucoma
Lens
Iris
Retina
Fovea
41
cyclinD over expressed in >50% of breast cancers
True
False
42
Cyclins and CDK are negative regulators of the cell cycle
True
False
43
•Cells must undergo a number of genotypic changes to become neoplastic
False
True
44
Which of the following is FALSE about BRCA1/BRCA2?
Inherited mutation increase probability of developing breast cancer to 85%
Katy Perry was a major spokesperson for genetic testing
Gene products involved in DNA repair specifically repair of double strands
Represent 5% of breast cancer cases
45
__________& _________ are proteins that allow for progression through the cell cycle
Oncogenes
Cyclins
TGF-β
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)
46
Controlling BP, hyperglycemia, and early diagnosis are important factors to control Diabetic retinopathy?
True
False
47
Which of the following are true about negative regulators of the cell cycle?
Includes PKI family (Protein kinase inhibitors)
Incudes CIP family (cdk inhibitory proteins)
Includes INK family (Inhibitors of kinases)
Expression is induced by p53 to halt cell cycle, repair DNA or do apoptosis
48
Breast tissue is responsive to estrogen stimulation through the __________ pathway.
Estrogen Receptor
Estrogen Stimulator
Progesterone Stimulator
Progesterone Receptor
49
WHich of the following structures are involved in macular degeneration?
Choroid (outer layer) supplies blood to outer retinal layers
Bruch’s membrane between RPE and choroid
Macula/fovea - high concentration of cones for high resolution vision
Rods/cones attach to pigmented epithelium
50
Which of the following are requirements for developing a malignancy?
Ability to colonize and vascularize distant foci
Ability to invade stroma
Ability to access vascular compartment
Ability to evade the immune system
Genetic instability
Enhanced proliferation
51
Which of the following drugs will dilate the pupil?
Serotonin (5-HT)
Sympathomimetics
Anticholinergics (TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs)
Antihistamines
52
Regulation of aqueous humor by
decrease in inflow
production is caused by:
α2- adrenergic stimulation (pre and postsynaptic)
β2-adrenergic stimulation
Carbonic anhydrase inhibition (HCO3-/Cl- exchange involved in secretion)
β2-adrenergic block
53
Closed-angle glaucoma (CAG): anatomical - less common/more severe
True
False
54
Current therapies of glaucoma target IOP via effects on inflow/outflow of _____________
Aqueous humor
Canal of Schlemm
Vitreous humor
Uveoscleral pathway
55
Which of the following are true of the Estrogen Receptor (ER) pathway?
60% breast cancers are ER+
ER status is a key classification tool for breast cancer
ER- cells tend to respond to anti-estrogen therapies
ER+ cells tend to respond to anti-estrogen therapies
56
APC protein is involved in cell-cell adhesion and chromosome segregation during mitosis
True
False
57
______ of breast tumors have overexpressed Her2/Neu receptors
~ 45%
~ 25%
~ 10%
~ 60 %
58
Which clinical presentation of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma is
FALSE
Often asymptomatic until substantial visual field loss
Central visual field maintained even in late stage
Rapidly progressing disease, usually unilateral
IOP usually elevated but can be normal
59
Malignant tumor cells are able to secrete high levels of proteases that can degrade the ECM upon which they are attached
Membrane independence
Anchorage independence
Loss of contact inhibition
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs)
60
BRCA1/BRCA2 function as ____________
Tummor Suppressor genes
Oncogenes
61
Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is the humanized monoclonal antibody against the extracellular domain of the Her2/Neu receptors
True
False
62
Which exchangers are regulated by carbonic anhydrase to form H+ and HCO3-
Na+/H+
Cl-/HCO3-
Na/K/2Cl
Na-K ATPases
63
Retroviruses require reverse transcriptase before
random
integration in to the host genome
True
False
64
Diabetic retinopathy and macular edema are associates with which of the following?
Hyperlipidemia
Severity of hyperglycemia (HbA1c)
Hypotension
Duration of disease
65
The vitreous humor is continually formed and drained away - bathes the lens
True
False
66
Adenoviruses express oncogenes ______ and _______
A1V
A2V
E1A
E1B
67
Diabetic retinopathy and macular edema occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
False
True
68
Which two statements are true?
Ocular hypertensive - IOP >21 mm Hg and no vision loss
Low-tension glaucoma - IOP >21 mm Hg and no vision loss
Ocular hypertensive - 20% with glaucoma have normal IOP
Low-tension glaucoma - 20% with glaucoma have normal IOP
69
Which of the following regarding breast cancer is
NOT
true
Ductal carcinoma: starts in epithelial cells of the lactiferous ducts
Majority of cancers are labular carcinomas
Lobular carcinoma: starts in epithelium of the lobules
Majority of cancers are ductal carcinomas
70
Which of the following would
NOT
make a cell's genome unstable?
Trisomy of chromosome 21
Expansion of a trinucleotide repeat such as CAG
Trick question, these can all make a cell's genome unstable
Mutation in P53
Reciprocal translocation of a segment of a chromosome 9 and 11
71
Loss of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) causes RGC apoptosis and axon loss
False
True
72
Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy has weakened arterioles/capillaries that result in ______ and ______.
Collapsed lens
Microaneurysms
Intrarenal bleeding
Aqueous Humor leakage
73
Polyoma virus and simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (TAg) disrupts both Rb and p53 function
False
True
74
Regulation of aqueous humor by
increased outflow
is through:
β2-adrenergic stimulation
Increased uveoscleral outflow - prostaglandins (PGs)
Increased trabecular outflow - cholinergic stimulation
Relaxing contractile cells (block Rho kinase)
75
___________ means having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a haploid set
Pleiotropy
Multifactorial
Polymorphism
Aneuploidy
76
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) can be used as diagnostic agents
True
False
77
Which of the following is
NOT
a mechanism involved with the damage process of diabetic retinopathy?
Down regulation of phosphokinase C (PKC)
Increased generation of AGEs
Sorbitol production
Hypertension/RAAS
78
Aqueous humor drain away via 2 routes, which one has the higher drainage rate?
Trabecular meshwork into the canal of schlemm
Uveoscleral tissue pathway
