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APES Review
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Review for APES Exam
Flashcards
109 cards
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Questions
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Answers
1
The primary environmental advantage of no-till agriculture is
migratory bird populations are undisturbed
undisturbed soil is less vulnerable to erosion
crop residues reduce the O horizon
CO2 in the soil is increased
2
Which of the following describes what happens in the transitional stage?
birth rate drops and death rate rises
birth rates equal and then fall below death rates
high birth rate and death rates drop
high birth rate and a high death rate
3
Bycatch is the ___ fish from commercial fishing.
sought after
most expensive
needed
unwanted
4
What is ammonification?
Decomposers converting organic matter to ammonium ion
nitrogen uptake by plants for healthy growth
Conversion of ammonium ion into nitrite then nitrate
Natural conversion of nitrate into nitrous oxide
5
Which of the following is the greatest percentage of waste from homes in the US?
metal
paper
food
plastic
6
Which are renewable natural resources?
tidal energy, water, and mineral ores
timber, water, and mineral resources
water, soil, air, and oil
forests, water, and soil
7
Which of the following does NOT influence a soil's ability to hold water, nutrients, and air?
soil pH
soil porosity
soil permeability
soil composition
8
Which of the following is NOT a class of compounds responsible for thinning stratospheric ozone
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
Polycholorinated biphenyl (PCB)
Halocarbons/Halons
9
Which is not a cause of succession?
nutrient cycling
fire
tsunami
hurricane
10
Number used to calculate the Doubling Time of a population [divide ___ by growth rate(r)]
40
70
100
10
11
A controlled scientific experiment
manipulates as many variables as possible
designed to test the validity of a hypothesis
preferably collects quantitative over qualitative data
designed to generate new scientific hypotheses
12
Which is most likely to lead to a more sustainable world culture?
increasing economic growth in developing nations
reducing consumption and halting population growth
creating linear industrial systmes
increasing green energy production for all
13
Outbreaks have little impact compared to the ___ proportions of a pandemic
national
local
global
city-wide
14
From an environmental waste perspective, which is the most effective and desirable?
compost
recycle
reuse
reduce
15
A trophic cascade is the effect of ___ on ___.
detritivores, decomposers
flooding, terrestrial ecosystems
producers, primary consumers
top consumers, lower levels
16
If the pH of a solution is increased from 7 to 9, it means that the
concentration of H+ has decreased by 100 times
concentration of H+ has increased by 2 times
concentration of OH- has decreased by 10 times
concentration of OH- has increased by 2 times
17
Warm surfacewater moves into the eastern Pacific and results in worldwide weather disruption.
El Nieto
La Macarena
La Nina
El Nino
18
One example of ______ is the depletion of ocean fishstocks.
tragedy of the commons
sustainable yield
19
A keystone species
is the most numerous species
feeds at several different trophic levels
is most likely to be a producer on which all species depend
is most likely a top predator
20
The most serious human alteration of the water cycle is
overdraft of groundwater for agriculture
due to burning fossil fuels
destruction of marine life from desalination
deforestation and erosion
21
Bisphenol A is a chemical used in ___ and has the effect of _____
pesticides, a carcinogen
plastics, an endocrine disruptor
synthetic fuels, a teratogen
herbicides, a neurotoxin
22
Which is the definition of persistence?
ability of a system to be restored after a disturbance.
tendency for a pollutant to remain in air, water, or soil
ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances
triangle and diamond
23
The lesson of Easter Island was that
resource conservation is necessary for sustainability
economics facilitates sustainable societies
species extinction is natural and faster on islands
political + government support ensure sustainable societies
24
What important contribution did Thomas Malthus make to society?
Proposed the concept of natural selection
Observed population growth dynamics
Developed the three laws of thermodynamics
Established the first national park at Crater Lake
25
Which is an endangered species?
javan rhino
raccoon
dove
yellowfin tuna
26
What are the effects of neurotoxins on humans?
Damages epithelial tissue
Damages the integumentary system
Behavioral changes and mental disabilities
All of the above
27
E-waste is a major source of
acid corrosives
radioactive materials
combustible inorganic compounds
heavy metals
28
The lake zone with the highest biodiversity
littoral
pelagic
benthic
euphotic
29
When does exponential growth of a population occur?
when resources are limited
when population exceeds carrying capacity
when species become physically crowded
when resources are not limited
30
The species most often vulnerable to human impact is the
producer
foundation species
keystone species
top predator
31
Sustainably managed ecosystems would
restore the original biodiversity of ecosystems
provide higher valued services than converted ecosystems
have different but equal services than converted ecosystems
provide enhanced services over unaltered natural ecosystems
32
When a large continuous area of habitat is divided into smaller and isolated patches.
dispersion
habitat fragmentation
species evenness
ecological succession
33
K strategists tend to reproduce ___ in life.
early
later
rarely
frequently
34
The soil horizon commonly known as subsoil is
A
C
B
O
35
The raw material for evolution by natural selection
species genetic variation
speciation
ecosystem biodiversity
an adaptive trait
36
A scientific hypothesis
prediction about something you have not observed
always consists of one independent variable
includes the design of an experiment
is testable and explains a phenomenon or answers a question
37
Which type of fault involves two plates separating?
transform
subduction
convergent
divergent
38
The Coriolis effect
causes winds in the Northern hemisphere to curve to the east
affects wind speed
is strongest at the equator
causes winds in the Northern hemisphere to curve to the west
39
LD
50
is the
half life of a radioactive isotope
amount of a substance that kills 50 people
amount of a substance that kills 50% of a sample
concentration of nitrogen that kills 50% of fish
40
What is the precautionary principle?
Taking action before evidence of a cause-effect relationship
Preventing humans from impacting ecosystems
Cleaning up pollution after environmental damage
preventing habitat degradation before it happens
41
Which of the following is NOT removed in secondary sewage treatment
Dissolved/ suspended organic material
macroscopic solid material
phosphates
nitrates
42
When environmental conditions change, populations most vulnerable to extinction are
species that are generalists with regard to needed resources
those that have reached their carrying capacity
species specialized with regard to needed resources
large populations of small individuals in urban areas
43
Carbon neutrality approaches refer to
cap-and-trade efforts by global enterprises
eliminating use of all carbon-based compounds
adhering to the Montreal Protocol and buying carbon offsets
reducing CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion
44
Which best describes energy transfer in a food web?
autotrophs to heterotrophs to decomposers to producers
to consumers, which use it to synthesize food
plants and transferred to consumers through herbivory
producers to oxygen, which supports consumers
45
Why is nitrification important to plants?
It is a major component of Chlorophyll in plants
Makes stems stronger and able to grow faster
nitrate is the preferred form of nitrogen uptake
Helps form new roots, makes seeds, fruits and flowers
46
Sustainability occurs when
biodiversity resources exceed human demand
external costs factored into the value of ecosystems
environmental goals overlap with social and economic goals
present demands met without compromising the future
47
Environmental economists believe that in a market system economic sustainability is achieved by
reducing population growth
valuing environmental justice
reducing economic growth and using resources efficiently
including the economic value of ecosystem services
48
Which is NOT a keystone species?
alligator
sea otter
manatee
gopher tortoise
49
The second law of thermodynamics states that
no energy transfer is 100% efficient
energy cannot be created or destroyed
energy can be cycled, but not converted
50
What was the first anti-pollution law passed in the US?
Rivers and Harbors Act
Clean Water Act
Clean Air Act
Oil Pollution Act
51
Which is NOT a characteristic of the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
listing decisions made based on economics and biology
first legislation to give legal standing to wildlife
species cannot be hunted, collected, or injured in the US
federal agencies cannot threaten, modify, or destroy habitat
52
Which is the largest contributor to declining fish catches worldwide?
overfishing
ocean acidification
global warming
pollution
53
Which nuclear disaster occurred most recently?
Three Mile Island
Chernobyl
Hiroshima
Fukushima
54
The K-T mass extinction occurred _____ years ago and resulted in the extinction of ____.
100 million, the trilobites
65 million, the dinosaurs
10 million, Homo habilis
3 million, Homo erectus
55
Which type of energy is usually a low-quality by-product of energy transformations?
heat
potential
radiant
chemical
56
Ecosystem services
are separate from economic value
provide humans essential life services economically valuable
rebalance disturbed natural systems
57
Multiple interacting species that live in the same area
community
population
species
ecosystem
58
Which is an example of a negative feedback loop?
melting of Antarctic sea ice resulting in sea level rise
human exponential growth
increase in predators resulting in fewer prey
increase in prey resulting in increase of decomposers
59
The nuclear decay of uranium is associated with which type of radiation?
gamma
ultraviolet
beta
alpha
60
In the upper atmosphere, presence of CFC’s causes depletion of
ocean conveyor belt
thermosphere
greenhouse gases
ozone layer
61
Which of the following is NOT one of the sides of a soil triangle?
clay
silt
loam
sand
62
If a country's age structure diagram looks like a pyramid, the population
is growing exponentially
is stable
is expanding
is shrinking
63
Species interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
predation
commensalism
mutualism
parasitism
64
A(n) ___ effect occurs when two or more chemicals interact with each other.
synthetic
radioactive
synergistic
antagonistic
65
Which of the following is NOT a removal mechanism for secondary sewage treatment?
disinfection using UV , ozone & chlorine
aluminum sulfate (alum)
Aerobic & anaerobic microorganisms break down organic matter
grid filtration
66
Which is NOT a non-point source pollutant?
fertilizer runoff from a golf course
stormwater runoff from a residential area
animal wastes from feedlots
sewage effluent discharged into a river
67
Which is incorrect?
Risk assessment quantifies the potential harm of a substance
Risk management includes social and economic factors
Risk management doesn't consider a substance potential harm
Risk assessment does not include social or economic factors
68
Which does NOT result from cultural eutrophication?
red tide
algal blooms
hypoxia
hyperoxia
69
Zone where household wells get their water
unconfined aquifer
confined aquifer
water table
instrusion zone
70
A modern day example of the tragedy of the commons would be
use of herbicides by industrial agriculture in CA
grazing sheep in a private park
acid rain falling throughout the NE US
mining in a US national park
71
The largest reservoir of carbon in the carbon cycle is
freshwater systems
plant life
sediments and fossil fuels
the atmosphere
72
The Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)
seeks to restore the temperate deciduous forest biome
seeks to restore natural levels of water flow
seeks to exterminate invasive species
seeks to limit commercial fishing
73
Subsidence causes
mountain ranges
ocean currents
box canyons
sinkholes
74
In a scientific experiment the manipulated variable(s) is/are the
both independent and dependent
control
independent
dependent
75
Which will NOT reduce poverty in developing nations?
Equal rights and access to birth control for women
Increase nonmilitary aid from developing countries
Provide increased access to education
Prevent immigration to the US
76
The primary reason for the currently high species extinction rate is
global climate change
invasive species
habitat destruction
overpopulation
77
What is an example of an external cost?
none of the above
paying for the labor that made the product you purchased
climate change due to the burning of fossil fuels
new solar array across town which decreases CO2 released
78
What is the secondary sewage treatment?
large solids filtered out and suspended solids settle out
aerobic bacteria decompose organic wastes
79
Which accounts for the amount of goods and services purchased by households in a year?
NPP
GDP
GPP
GNP
80
Which most accurately describes Dioxins and their use?
toxic chemicals in herbicides and pesticides
chemicals used in the burning of fossil fuels creating CO2
Synonym for dioxide chemicals
Chemical used to help trees take in CO2
81
Land acquisition is an important part of which land use strategy?
remediation
preservation
reclamation
mitigation
82
Which are factors involved in soil formation?
warm temperatures, acid rain, and occasional wildfires
weathering, freezing/thawing, and growth of tree roots
nitrogen-fixing bacteria and grazing by herbivores
leaching of nutrients from topsoil and removal of humus
83
Sustainable mineral use can be achieved with all of the following EXCEPT
increasing demand and lowering prices
finding substitutes for scarce minerals
reuse and recycling
inventing more efficient extraction techniques
84
What type of pollution occurred in Bhopal, India?
radioactive
water
air
biological
85
Anoxic is the absence of oxygen in water due to…
ice ages
increased recreational use
excess organic wastes
global warming
86
BOD has an inverse relationship with the level of pollution in a water source.
True
False
87
The radioactive decay of C
14
can be used to determine
extinction rate
radiometric dating
mutation rate
relative dating
88
What layer of the ocean receives sunlight in order for photosynthesis to occur?
Buffer
Photic
Benthic
Abyssal
89
What is aerobic respiration?
uses oxygen to produce energy
a process used by all eukaryotes
uses carbon dioxide to produce energy
both triangle and circle
90
Ocean acidification is caused by
dissolving of the shells of marine invertebrates
increased [carbonate ion] from increased CO2
increased oxygen around coral reefs
increased [bicarbonate ion] from increased CO2
91
Which of the following represent a mutualistic interaction/relationship?
two bird species share resources
mosquito sucking a human’s blood
A bee pollinating a flower while also feeding on the nectar.
Air plants attach to the trunks or branches of large trees
92
If autotrophs contain 500,000 kcal of energy, the secondary consumers will receive __ of energy
500 kcal
5,000 kcal
50 kcal
50,000 kcal
93
Forests supply us with vital ecosystem services. The service most linked to climate change is
carbon sequestration potential
contributing oxygen through photosynthesis
moderation of precipitation patterns
influence on El Nino effects
94
Red tide is most often caused by
coastal destruction of wetlands causing soil erosion
increased ocean oxygen content
increased ocean carbon dioxide content
coastal nutrient pollution from non-point sources
95
The process in which a harmful chemical gets concentrated at each level in the food chain
concentration
pollution
biomagnification
expansion
96
Normal functioning of an ecosystem requires that
energy is recycled and matters flows through systems
energy is recycled and matter change forms
matter is recycled and energy flows through systems
energy changes forms and is recycled
97
Which of these is a metallurgical engineer most likely to work with:
loam
NO2
septicemia
ore
98
Which stage increases the birth rate?
post-industrial
pre-industrial
industrial
transitional
99
The ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbances
synergistic effects
tolerance
resilience
100
What happens to the oxygen solubility in water as the temperature increases?
increases
depends on the salinity of the water
decreases
stays the same
101
Total fertility rate represents:
average #children for a couple to replace themselves
number of live births per 1000 people in population per year
average #children born to a woman during reproductive years
the average number of children women has in her life
102
What relationship is not considered parasitic?
flea and dog
remora and shark
tapeworm and human
103
Which is the most effective international environmental treaty to date?
Endangered Species Act
Montreal Protocol
Kyoto Protocol
CITES
104
The evaporation of water from the surface of plants
evaporation
transpiration
precipitation
condensation
105
Ground level ozone can cause the following problems, EXCEPT
decreased solar radiation & photosynthesis
skin damage
impairs immune system
respiratory irritant
106
The energy content and biomass of ___ are highest in any food web
omnivores
herbivores
top predators
producers
107
Which combination of processes can change global species diversity?
speciation and immigration
emigration and immigration
speciation and extinction
emigration and extinction
108
____ are typical primary consumers in a temperate deciduous forest
wolves
snakes
bison
deer
109
Pesticides in the US are registered for use through the
EPA
FDA
DOE
USDA
