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AP Psych Exam Review
AP Psych Exam Review
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1
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
2
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
test-retest reliability
aptitude measures
standardization
construct validity
3
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
go for a run
pursue a romantic interest
eat a meal
make new friends
4
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
out-group homogeneity
self-fulfilling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
reciprocity norm
5
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
personalities
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
daily activities
6
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
continuous
secondary
primary
partial
7
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
humanistic
psychoanalytic
trait
cognitive
8
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
9
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
10
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
displacement
sublimation
reaction formation
projection
11
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
heightened manifest dream content
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
sleep apnea and night terrors
12
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
specific changes in the brain
13
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
divergent thinking
a mental set
belief perseverance
low experiential intelligence
14
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
closure
linear perspective
convergence
retinal disparity
15
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
major depressive disorder
autism
Alzheimer's disease
16
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
lithium
SSRIs
benzodiazepines
L-Dopa
17
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
well below the average of 200
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
slightly above average
18
Lou believes he is capable of succeeding in nursing school. His mindset is associated with
high self-efficacy
an extraverted personality
low self-esteem
a strong superego
19
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
unconscious conflicts
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
genetics and nutrition
20
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
dissociation
tolerance
antagonists
activation-synthesis
21
What is the purpose of the DSM
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
22
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
movement and electrical shocks
performing a task and receiving food
punishment and aversion
nausea and food or drink
23
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
trait
psychoanalytic
biological
humanistic
24
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
sight
hearing
smell
touch
25
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
evolutionary
biological
psychodynamic
humanistic
26
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
hippocampus
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Gage's area
27
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
biomedical interventions
talking to a patient
cognitive-behavioral interventions
secondary preventions
28
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
violation of confidentiality
lack of debriefing
lack of informed consent
risk of psychological harm
29
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
humanist
trait
psychoanalyst
social-cognitive
30
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
stepping
Moro
rooting
Babinski
31
An EEG of Lin during dreaming would most likely show
sleep spindles and k complexes
delta waves
beta waves and delta waves
NREM
32
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
standard deviation
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
counterbalancing
33
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
34
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
medulla
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
sensory cortex
35
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
content validity
split-half reliability
test-retest reliability
predictive validity
36
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
feature detectors
optic chiasm
fovea
optic nerve
37
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
scapegoating
out-group homogeneity
superordinate goals
stereotyping
38
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
unconditional positive regard
factor analysis
defense mechanisms
secondary central dispositions
39
light enters the eye through an opening in the
retina
fovea
blind spot
iris
40
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate lacks object permanence
41
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
at what age can children reason abstractly
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
42
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
43
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are unable to detect motion
respond more quickly to colors
are located in the center of the retina
have a lower absolute threshold for light
44
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
neuroplasticity
contralateral control
hemispheric lateralization
effective psychological environment
45
When Wade is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Wade is not late again
modeling
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
46
which is an example of an implicit memory
recognizing a celebrity
describing the taste of a birthday cake
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
47
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
counterconditioning
systematic desensitization
rational emotive behavior therapy
aversion therapy
48
Which is most closely associated with creativity
divergent thinking
functional fixedness
contextual intelligence
hypothesis testing
49
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
experiment
case study
naturalistic observation
correlation study
50
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
obsessive-compulsive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
antisocial personality disorder
51
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
hormones released in the womb
parenting style
traumatic childhood experiences
masculine/feminine personality traits
52
the limbic system plays an important role in
regulating emotion
processing sensory information
maintaining balance
planning for the future
53
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his research wasn't representative of the population
54
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
universal ethical principles
object permanence
conservation
attachment
55
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
conscious level and non conscious level
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
role theory and dissociation theory
manifest content and latent content
56
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
achievement
standardized
triarchic
projective
57
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
PET
EEG
MRI
rTMS
58
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
social facilitation theory
Schachter two-factor theory
opponent process theory
James-Lange theory
59
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
60
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
61
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
62
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
frequency theory
sensory adaptation
difference threshold
absolute threshold
63
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
64
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
65
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
frequency of the wave
transduction of the wave
pitch of the tone
amplitude of the wave
66
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
hearing
sight
touch
balance
67
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
representative assignment
random sampling
random assignment
assignment to conditions
68
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
medulla
cerebellum
hypothalamus
amygdala
69
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
sympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
endocrine system
serotonin system
70
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
concrete operational exercises
myelination of brain neurons
secure attachment with parents
early gross motor practice
71
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
add : decrease
remove : punish
remove : increase
remove : decrease
72
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
self-serving bias
false consensus effect
just world bias
Barnum effect
73
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
latent learning
the overjustification effect
social learning theory
the law of effect
74
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
episodic memory
retroactive memory
recall
75
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
deindividuation
group polarization
superordinate goals
diffusion of responsibility
76
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
sensory adaptation
hearing high frequencies
detecting absolute threshold
sound localization
77
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
unconditioned response
stimulus generalization
78
the somatic nervous system is part of the
peripheral nervous system
central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
79
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
behavioral
psychoanalytic
evolutionary
cognitive
80
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
proactive interference
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
long-term potentiation
81
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
deindividuation
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
mere-exposure effect
central route persuasion
82
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
83
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
median
mean
standard deviation
range
84
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
humanistic
cognitive
psychodynamic
evolutionary
85
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
optic nerve
rods
cones
cornea
86
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
the importance of physical contact to development
that primates can make and use tools
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
that language is a uniquely human skill
87
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
single blind study
double blind study
counterbalancing
Hawthorne effect
88
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
puberty
late 40s
early 20s
mid 30s
89
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
pharmacological
behavioral
structuralist
cognitive
90
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
confirmation bias
inattentional blindness
representativeness heuristic
framing effects
91
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
repressed memories
archetypes
inferiority complexes
functional fixedness
92
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
top-down and bottom-up processing
proximity and similarity
binocular and monocular cues
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
93
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
extraversion
openness
conscientiousness
neuroticism
94
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
pons
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
cerebellum
95
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
hormones jump from one axon to the next
physical contact between dendrites
96
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
social
behavioral
situational
dispositional
97
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
major depressive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
98
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
client-centered therapy
REBT
systematic desensitization
token economies
99
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
language acquisition device
linguistic relativity hypothesis
serial position effect
phonemes and morphemes
100
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
IQ test
achievement test
EQ test
aptitude test
101
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
responding to deindividuation among group members
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
increasing group polarization within different groups
102
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
fundamental
situational
internal
external
103
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
achieving physiological homeostasis
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
104
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
modeling
sublimation
latent learning
mirror neurons
105
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
social cognitive theroy
trait theory
biological theory
psychodynamic theory
106
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
id, ego, and superego
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
traits, the environment, and behavior
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
107
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
a desk and/or table
four legs and a seat
pens, pencils, and a computer
108
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
difference threshold
bottom up processing
signal detection theory
absolute threshold
109
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
nonessential subjects like art and music
environmental factors that influence intelligence
110
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
corpus callosum
medulla oblongata
111
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
phoneme
holobase
morpheme
grapheme
112
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
prefrontal lobotomy
electro-convulsive shock therapy
gestalt therapy
free association
113
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
self-serving bias
compliance strategies
in-group bias
individualism
114
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
eidetic memory
semantic memory
procedural memory
episodic memory
115
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
avoidance-avoidance
approach-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
approach-approach
116
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
proactive interference
brain injury
relearning effect
leading questions
117
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
transduction theory
gate-control theory
opponent-process theory
frequency theory
118
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the self-serving bias
an external locus of control
the Oedipus complex
unconditional positive regard
119
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
attachment
parenting style
assimilation
motor development
120
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
classical conditioning
observational learning
instrumental learning
operant conditioning
121
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the serial position effect
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the rate at which people forget information
122
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
Down syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
fetal alcohol syndrome
mental retardation
123
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
schizophrenic
personality
dissociative
anixety
124
What number will tell that two variables have a strong relationship?
standard deviation
probability
a mean that is the same as the median
correlation coeifficient
125
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
say a sentence
cut with a knife
write with a pencil
clap their hands
126
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
speaking aloud
solving a logic problem
moving her left hand
understanding what was said to her
127
which structure is part of the inner ear
auditory canal
malleus (hammer)
basilar membrane
tympanic membrane
128
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
have been exposed to good, moral role models
be able to take another person's perspective
believe in God
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
129
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-serving bias
cognitive dissonance
fundamental attribution error
self-fulfilling prophecy
130
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reward : punishment
assimilate : accomodate
ignore : adaptation
reduce : stereotypes
131
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
phallic stage
anal stage
latency period
oral stage
132
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed ratio
continuous
variable interval
fixed variable
133
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
conformity
disinhibition
social facilitation
social roles
134
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
range
mean
median
standard deviation
135
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
placebo effect
wearing guard uniforms
size of the group
presence of an authority figure
136
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
137
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
self-serving bias
a theory
overconfidence
hindsight bias
138
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
longitudinal study
social-cognitive study
developmental study
cross-sectional study
139
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
principle of continuity
the social role hypothesis
gender schema theory
linguistic relativity hypothesis
140
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
post-traumatic stress disorder
major depressive disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
141
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
observational learning
counterconditioning
latent learning
insight learning
142
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory
procedural memory
143
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
schedules; punishers
learned responses; physiological reactions
fixed intervals; variable ratios
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
144
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
Yerkes-Dodson law
James-Lange theory of emotion
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
145
Which is most directly involved speed of the electrical signal?
synaptic cleft
terminal button
neurotransmiters
myelin
146
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
law of effect
higher-order conditioning
token economy
behavior shaping
147
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
learned associations
neurochemical imbalances
unhealthy attributional styles
unfulfilled needs
148
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
deindividuation
groupthink
social facilitation
group polarization
149
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
substance abuse and dependence
inappropriate or flat affect
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
disconnection from reality and delusions
150
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
positive psychology
psychometrics
social psychology
health psychology
151
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
cognitive psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
152
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
accommodation
habituation
assimilation
discrimination
153
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
adrenaline
154
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
temperament
family
culture
environment
155
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
clinical psychologist
cognitive psychotherapist
psychoanalyst
psychiatrist
156
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
crystallized intelligence
aptitude intelligence
multiple intelligences
fluid intelligence
157
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and low control
high warmth and low control
high warmth and high control
low warmth and high control
158
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they involve more research participants than other studies
159
The WISC is a...
personality test
Personality inventory
Intelligence test
none of these
160
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
variances
normally distributed
modes
outliers
161
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
approach-avoidance
theory Y
postconventional
James-Lange
162
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
extrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation
need for achievement
primary drives
163
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Albert Bandura
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner