Burns edit AP Stats Vocab Review

The design of a statistical study systematically favors certain outcomes. 

An important class of density curves that are symmetric, single-peaked, and bell-shaped.

An inactive (fake) treatment. 

There is no association between values of one variable and values of the other.

The difference between an observed value and the value predicted by the regression line.  

Refers to the event “not A.”

Also known as the "empirical rule." 

Describes the spread.

A statement of “no difference.”

Describes a graph of quantitative data with two clear peaks. 

The average squared distance of the observations in a data set from their mean. 

The probability that the events A and B occur can be found using P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ∙ P(B | A).

Occurrence of one event has no effect on the chance the other event will happen.

Measures the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables.

A graph of the five-number summary. 

The value of a statistic varies in repeated random sampling.

Individuals to which treatments are applied.

Displays the distribution of a quantitative variable. 

When n is large, the sampling distribution of the sample mean is approximately Normal.

Can be described by the direction, form, and strength of the relationship. 

Measures the average distance of the observations from their mean. 

The set of all possible outcomes of a chance process. 

The probability that the statistic would take a value as extreme as the one actually observed. 

A simple graph that shows each data value as a dot above its location on a number line. 

A sample selected by taking the members of the population that are easiest to reach. 

An observation that if removed it would markedly change the result of the calculation.

Occurs when a selected individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate.

Has the general form: estimate ± margin of error.

Family of distributions that take only positive values and are skewed to the right.

Tells how many standard deviations a data point is from mean.

All individuals in the chosen group are included in the sample. 

If the right and left sides of a graph are approximately mirror images of each other. 

Experimental units that are human beings. 

A variable that helps explain or influences changes in the other variable. 

Used to display the sample space for a chance process that involves a sequence of outcomes.   

Denoted by A ∩ B, refers to the situation when both events occur at the same time.  

The imitation of chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the situation. 

Minimum Q1 M Q3 Maximum 

Gives every possible sample of a given size the same chance to be chosen. 

Has mean 0 and standard deviation 1.

Assesses the evidence provided by data about some claim concerning a population.

The most important influence on the answers given to a survey. 

The mean of its sampling distribution is the true value of the parameter being estimated.

Difference of third and first quartiles.

A variable that measures an outcome of a study. 

When the standard deviation of a statistic is estimated from data.

Study designs that involve making two observations on the same or two similar individuals.

Maximum value minus the minimum value. 

The probability that one event happens given that another event has already happened.

In a statistical study, the entire group of individuals about which we want information. 

The amount by which y is predicted to change when x increases by one unit. 

A study that attempts to collect data from every individual in the population. 

Expected number of trials required to get the first success.

A number that describes some characteristic of the population.

An individual value that falls outside the overall pattern of a distribution. 

A specific value of an explanatory variable (factor) in an experiment.

Used to compare the distribution of a quantitative variable for two groups. 

The number such that half the observations are smaller and the other half are larger. 

Denoted by A ∪ B, consists of all outcomes in A,or B, or both.  

Let Y = the number of trials required to get the first success.

The arithmetic average.

Rule of thumb that all expected counts must be at least 5.

Involves adding a constant, multiplying by a constant, or both.

Gives the possible values of a random variable and their probabilities.

Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses. 

Occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame.

Two events have no outcomes in common and so can never occur together. 

Is completely specified by two numbers, mean μ and standard deviation σ. 

When our P-value is less than the chosen significance level.

Null states the specified distribution of the categorical variable is correct.

A number that describes some characteristic of a sample.

Groups of individuals that are similar in some way that might affect their responses. 

Occurs if H₀ is rejected when H₀ is true.