Why is the PQ4R method an effective study method?

because it takes an active approach to learning

____________________, studied by Ivan Pavlov

Neither latent nor observational learning

Which of the following describes the process by which a conditioned response is extinguished?

Conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by unconditioned stimulus

____________________, studied by B. F. Skinner

Neither latent nor observational learning

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

learning that a behavior is encouraged by watching others

What did E. C. Tolman's experiments on rats show?

that reinforcement is not always necessary for learning

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Questions 93

Answers

1
A child learning how to tie a shoe by watching her parents demonstrate how they tie theirs is an example of ____________
vicarious reinforcement
observational learning
modeling
latent learning
2
Punishment is not a form of negative reinforcement
False
True
3
___________ is the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other.
Generalization
Differentiation
Discrimination
Rationalization
4
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
modeling
previewing
shaping and chaining
programmed learning
5
Learning in which each step of a sequence leads to another step until the final action is achieved, is called __________
continuous reinforcement
partial reinforcement
shaping
chaining
6
A/An __________ reinforcer increases the frequency of the behavior that follows when it is removed.
secondary
primary
positive
negative
7
Cognitive psychologists are interested in what people know, not just what they do.
True
False
8
If you want to use a personal contract to change a behavior, who do you make it with?
your therapist
yourself
your parents
your teacher
9
Which of the following is an example of one-trial learning?
taste aversion
counterconditioning
systematic desensitization
extinction
10
Why is the PQ4R method an effective study method?
because it takes an active approach to learning
because it works through flooding
because it is an example of classical conditioning
because it uses latent learning techniques
11
Which of the following adjectives best describes the way that cognitive psychologists view learning?
purposeful
involuntary
mechanical
automatic
12
Once it has been extinguished, a conditioned response can be revived through a process known as spontaneous combustion
False
True
13
What process is used in learning to ride a bicycle?
flooding
latent learning
classical conditioning
shaping and chaining
14
____________ are unpleasant stimuli that are removed to increase the occurrence of a desirable behavior
Negative reinforcers
Positive reinforcers
Rewards
Punishments
15
form of behavior modification that "pays" people to act correctly
token economy
observational learning
massed learning
distributed learning
16
Examples of ___________ ____________ include money and social status
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
primary reinforcers
secondary reinforcers
17
Examples of ___________ ____________ include food and warmth
primary reinforcers
secondary reinforcers
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
18
______________ include both adding a pleasant stimulus or removing an unpleasant one
Negative reinforcers
Positive reinforcers
Rewards
Punishments
19
____________________ = Learning that remains hidden until it is needed
Neither latent nor observational learning
Both latent and observational learning
Observational learning
Latent learning
20
____________________, studied by Ivan Pavlov
Both latent and observational learning
Observational learning
Neither latent nor observational learning
Latent learning
21
On what kind of reinforcement schedule does a slot machine work?
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
22
Which of the following would be considered a secondary reinforcer?
all of the above
money
water
food
23
____________________ , studied by Albert Bandura
Observational learning
Neither latent nor observational learning
Both latent and observational learning
Latent learning
24
Glancing at the section headings of a chapter is an example of which step in the PQ4R method?
preview
read
question
recite
25
When a behavior is reinforced only some of the time the behavior occurs, this is called _______________
continuous reinforcement
shaping
chaining
partial reinforcement
26
Which of the following describes the process by which a conditioned response is extinguished?
Conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by unconditioned stimulus
Similar stimuli cause the same response
Conditioned response is no longer paired with unconditioned response
Stimuli that are not similar cause a different response
27
In ___________, a person is exposed to a harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished
flooding
counter conditioning
systematic desensitization
shaping
28
Most health professionals agree that there is no connection between media violence and aggression
True
False
29
____________ is the act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar, but not identical
Gerenalization
Displacement
Discrimination
Flooding
30
When a conditioned response stops occurring, it is called _________
taste aversion
secondary reinforcer
extinction
discrimination
31
_________ is a type of learning in which people learn to do certain things because of the results of what they do
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
Latent learning
32
In ___________ people are taught relaxation techniques to overcome their fears
counter conditioning
flooding
systematic desensitization
shaping
33
A ___________ ___________ is a learned avoidance of a particular food
negative reinforcement
taste aversion
counter conditioning
spontaneous recovery
34
In _____________, a pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one
systematic desensitization
counter conditioning
shaping
flooding
35
Which step in the PQ4R method involves relating new information to what you already know?
reflecting
reviewing
previewing
questioning
36
Behaviors learned through partial reinforcement last longer than behaviors learned through continuous reinforcement
True
False
37
When a complex behavior is taught by reinforcing small steps in the right direction, this is called _______________
continuous reinforcement
chaining
partial reinforcement
shaping
38
____________________, often proposed as a cause of violence in society
Latent learning
Neither latent nor observational learning
Both latent and observational learning
Observational learning
39
__________ is the process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again
Reviewing
Punishment
Reinforcement
Conditioning
40
Primary and secondary reinforcers are important in which of the following?
discrimination
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
taste aversion
41
In which step of the PQ4R method do students create a cognitive map of a chapter?
reflecting
questioining
previewing
reviewing
42
Rewarding a mouse every time it presses a particular button is an example of _____________
spontaneous recovery
continuous reinforcement
classical conditioning
partial reinforcement
43
____________________, studied by B. F. Skinner
Neither latent nor observational learning
Both latent and observational learning
Latent learning
Observational learning
44
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
learning that a behavior is encouraged by watching others
shielding children from media violence
rewarding yourself when you succeed in changing your behavior
using time-out to discourage misbehavior
45
Which of the following is an effective method for dealing with misbehaving adolescent students?
punishment
expelling them
ignoring them
time-out
46
____________ are reinforcers that increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are removed
Positive reinforcers
Primary reinforcers
Negative reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers
47
____________ are reinforcers that increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied
Negative reinforcers
Primary reinforcers
Positive reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers
48
______________ are reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of the organism
Secondary reinforcers
Positive reinforcers
Primary reinforcers
Negative reinforcers
49
What did E. C. Tolman's experiments on rats show?
the effectiveness of negative reinforcement
how classical conditioning works
that the Skinner box worked
that reinforcement is not always necessary for learning
50
The first step in the PQ4R method involves __________ the subject matter in a textbook.
reviewing
practicing
questioning
previewing
51
trying to learn something all at once
massed learning
observational learning
distributed learning
token economy
52
Shaping and chaining are methods of breaking complex tasks down into parts that can be mastered separately
True
False
53
learning in which each step of a sequence is learned and leads to the next
continuous reinforcement
ratio schedule
chaining
interval schedule
54
Mental picture is another term for which of the following?
preview
modeling
none of the above
cognitive map
55
A form of classical conditioning in which a food comes to be avoided
extinction
discrimination
taste aversion
primary reinforcer
56
Which of the following best describes when a variable-interval schedule provides reinforcement?
every time an action occurs
after a set amount of time
at an unpredictable time
after an action has occurred five times
57
____________________ = Learning by reinforcement
Latent learning
Both latent and observational learning
Neither latent nor observational learning
Observational learning
58
To review something effectively, you should use the method known as massed learning.
False
True
59
Picking up new behaviors by imitating other people is known as ____________________
vicarious reinforcement
observational learning
latent learning
modeling
60
A/An __________ reinforcer is learned and becomes effective by being paired with reinforcers such as food and shelter
secondary
negative
positive
primary
61
A response that is automatic, or not learned, is called a/an
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
62
Under what circumstances can punishment be effective?
when a child is physically incapable of performing the desired behavior
when good behavior is taken for granted
when it is strong and consistent
when a behavior is punished only occassionally
63
____________________ are intended to stop unwanted behavior from occurring
Punishments
Rewards
Negative reinforcers
Positive reinforcers
64
Under what conditions can spontaneous recovery occur?
after systematic desensitization
when the unconditioned stimulus is extinguished
when the conditioned stimulus starts again
as a result of latent learning
65
Flooding is a method that uses relaxation techniques to "flood" a person with good feelings while exposing them to fear
True
False
66
In ______________________ organisms sometimes display responses that were extinguished earlier
spontaneous recovery
taste aversion
counter conditioning
extinction
67
A ______________________ is something that produces a reaction
response
stimulus
event
reward
68
___________ are reinforcers that initially acquire their value through being paired with established reinforcers
Negative reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers
Positive reinforcers
Primary reinforcers
69
Through operant conditioning, people learn to control which of the following?
unconditioned stimuli
voluntary responses
unconditioned responses
involuntary biological behaviors
70
B.F. Skinner's "teaching machine" was devised for which educational method?
programmed learning
systematic desensitization
classical conditioning
counterconditioning
71
In Classical conditioning, people learn to do certain things because of the results of what they do
True
False
72
_________ is the method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down into manageable parts
Latent learning
Shaping
Conditioning
Observational learning
73
____________________ = Learning by watching others or by thinking
Neither latent nor observational learning
Observational learning
Both latent and observational learning
Latent learning
74
A stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response is a/an
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
75
When a behavior is reinforced every time the behavior occurs, this is called _______________
shaping
partial reinforcement
continuous reinforcement
chaining
76
Stimulus that encourages a behavior by meeting an organism's basic biological needs
unconditioned stimulus
primary reinforcer
conditioned stimulus
secondary reinforcer
77
Unlearned automatic responses are triggered by ___________ ____________
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
secondary reinforcers
primary reinforcers
78
type of learning that is spread out over several days or weeks
observational learning
distributed learning
massed learning
token economy
79
____________________ studied by cognitive psychologists
Both latent and observational learning
Latent learning
Neither latent nor observational learning
Observational learning
80
Generalization is a form of classical conditioning that enables animals and people to adapt to their environment
False
True
81
A new student learns about classroom behavior by observing other students' behavior is demonstrating __________
vicarious reinforcement
observational learning
latent learning
modeling
82
Knowing the layout of your school simply by walking around it daily is an example of ___________
latent learning
modeling
observational learning
vicarious reinforcement
83
People who watch a lot of violence on television are more likely to be violent in part because of
observational learning
negative reinforcement
classical conditioning
systematic desensitization
84
When this varies, the timing of the next reinforcement is unpredictable
continuous reinforcement
chaining
ratio schedule
interval schedule
85
Which of the following best describes a neutral stimulus?
stimulus that does not cause a response
stimulus that causes an automatic response
stimulus that has been learned
stimulus that is conditioned
86
After conditioning, the bell in Pavlov's experiment acted as ______________
conditioned stimulus
secondary reinforcers
primary reinforcers
unconditioned stimulus
87
Distributed learning is part of which step in the PQ4R method?
reading
reviewing
previewing
reciting
88
modeling is a form of this type of learning
massed learning
distributed learning
token economy
observational learning
89
____________________ = The acquiring of knowledge and skills by watching others
Latent learning
Observational learning
Both latent and observational learning
Neither latent nor observational learning
90
Physiologist Ivan _______ discovered that dogs can learn to associate one thing with another when food is involved
Bandura
Tolman
Pavlov
Skinner
91
Which of the following is the correct way for students to recite using the PQ4R method?
all of the above
in a study group
alone
with a partner
92
Stimulus that causes an automatic response
conditioned stimulus
secondary reinforcer
unconditioned stimulus
primary reinforcer
93
____________________, studied by E.C. Tolman
Neither latent nor observational learning
Latent learning
Both latent and observational learning
Observational learning

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