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EBP 2 Exam 1
EBP 2 Exam 1
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Answers
1
a larger sample size is associated with lesser power
True
False
2
the picture below represents a positive skew
True
False
3
if sex (m/f) is being recorded, what level of measurement is that variable?
ratio
ordinal
nominal
interval
4
claiming there is no difference when there is one is a
type 1 error
type 2 error
5
the picture is showing an example of a
independent t-test
paired t-test
6
see pic
paired t-test
none; use nonparametrical
unpaired t-test
independent t-test
7
if the p-value is less than or equal to the alpha, we ...
fail to reject the null hypothesis
reject the null hypothesis
8
you are measuring distance walked for the 6 minute walk test. what is the level of measurement?
nominal
interval
ratio
ordinal
9
this study looks at NPRS at baseline & 4 wks & a new intervention against standard of care. which statement is true?
there is significant difference between groups at 4 weeks
there is no significant difference between groups at baseline or 4 weeks
we need the p value in order to determine significant
there is significant difference between groups at baseline
10
which of the following is an accurate parametric assumption?
skewed data
samples drawn from different populations
categorical level data
homogeneity of variance
11
see pic
The estimate of effect has wide variation/less precision
The change in pain is NOT statistically significant
I can be 95% confident the true population mean lies between -2 and 5
The change in pain is clinically meaningful
12
The variables in the red box above are:
confounding variable
independent variable
covariate
dependent variables
13
rejecting the null hypothesis when you shouldn't have is a type 2 error
True
False
14
used to compare one group, measured twice.
independent (unpaired) t-test
dependent (paired) t-test
15
We recommend a post hoc power analysis IF the finding is NOT statistically significant & suspect potential Type I error
False
True
16
the picture below shows a ___ skew, where A = __, B = __ and C = ___
positive, mean, median, mode
negative, mode, median, mean
negative, mean, median, mode
positive, mode, median, mean
17
you can not commit a type 2 error unless you accept (fail to reject) the null hypothesis
False
True
18
non-directional hypothesis use a ___ t-test, and directional hypothesis you would use a ___ t-test
two tail, two tail
one tail, one tail
one tail, two tail
two tail, one tail
19
in order to use a t-test to analyze data, there should be one factor with two levels
True
False
20
sex at birth is a nominal, dichotomous, qualitative level of measurement
False
True
21
the more narrow the confidence interval range, the ___
less precise/more variation
more precise/less variation
the more variance there will be
the smaller the sample size
22
If 0 is included in the CI range, it is statistically significant
False
True
23
see pic
True
False
24
Fill in the blanks - Type 1 error: a false ___, Type 2 error: a false ___
positive, positive
positive, negative
negative, negative,
negative, positive
25
best measure of central tendency for numeric, non-symmetrically distributed data
discrete variable
median
mean
continous variable
26
internal validity = assumption of causality & more in line with an efficacy approach
True
False
27
In a normal distribution, what percentage of the sample is included within 2 standard deviations of the mean?
68
95
97
50
28
descriptive statistics are not used to describe the sample of your study
True
False
29
what level of measurement is: rank-ordered categories (MMT grade, pain)
ordinal
nominal
ratio
interval
30
mean, standard deviation, range are terms used with ___ statistics
inferential
descriptive
31
external validity = results can be generalized to everyday clinic & more in line with an effectiveness approach
True
False
32
in most cases, what is the accepted level for power?
.05
.01
.20
.80
33
t-test, ANOVA, paired t-test
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
34
if MCID excluded from the CI (confidence interval), there is adequate power
True
False
35
we can do a power analysis when
p value < alpha
p value > alpha
36
mean, median, mode
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
37
truth in study, internal validity
efficacy
effectiveness
38
what level of measurement is: have equal intervals & true zeore (age, time, distance)
ordinal
ratio
nominal
interval
39
an efficacy trial is one that is highly controlled
True
False
40
what level of measurement is: categories or classifications (gender, class)
ratio
nominal
ordinal
interval
41
best measure of central tendency for numeric, symmetrically distributed data
mode
median
continuous variable
mean
42
A quantitative variable with a finite number of values
discrete variable
mean
continous variable
median
43
type 1 error is rejecting the null when you shouldn't have
True
False
44
A data set may present with a skewed distribution. If the distribution is positively skewed is means ___________.
data indicates there are more negative outliers
indicates data is corrupted
data indicates there was a poor outcome
mean and median will be less than the mode
45
type 2 error is adjusted by using alpha values
True
False
46
an efficacy trial is highly controlled, while an effectiveness trial is not
False
True
47
the picture is showing an example of a
independent t-test
paired t-test
48
the variable sex can also be descirbed as a ___ variable
continuous
categorical
49
see pic
none; use nonparametrical
unpaired t-test
paired t-test
independent t-test
50
when calculating sample size a-priori, one holds the alpha at .80
False
True
51
inferential statisitcs are used to make inference about a population of interest
False
True
52
see pic lol sorry
there is not enough information to provide the recommendation
would need to know the p value before I would recommend
the new treatment is superior, so I would recommend
there is no significant difference betweeen so no recommendation
53
probability of a type 2 error = ___, probability of a type 1 error = ____
power, alpha
alpha, power
54
In a normal "bell" curve what percentage of the data points are included "one standard deviation" from the mean?
95.45%
34.13%
we cant tell without the graph
68.26%
55
claiming there is a true difference when there is none is a
type 2 error
type 1 error
56
if the p-value is greater than alpha, we ...
reject the null hypothesis
retain the null hypothesis
57
p value, mean, difference and CIs are common terms used with
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
58
the variables in the red box above are
confounding variable
dependent variable
independent variable
covariates
59
When grading LE sensation as: poor, normal, hyper sensitive, what level of measurement is that?
ordinal
interval
nominal
ratio
60
truth to real life, external validity
effectiveness
efficacy
61
Ur measuring grip strength and decided you will categorize results as strong, normal, weak. what level of measurement?
ratio
interval
ordinal
nominal
62
alpha is the maximum probability of a
type 2 error occuring
type 1 error occuring
63
two tail t-tests have more statisical power than one tail t-test
False
True
64
weight is a ratio level variable
True
False
65
a quantitative variable with an infinte number of values
discrete variable
mode
continuous variable
mean
66
age is a discrete variable
True
False
67
if the results of a study examining outcomes in an OP setting will apply to your IP peeps; ur most interested in what?
reliability
external validity
internal validity
68
I have 2 treatment groups and I measure outcomes on 4 different time periods. Which is true of the factors and levels?
2 levels (group and time) with 2 factors in one and 4 factors in the other
2 factors (group & time) with 2 levels in one & 4 levels in the other
There are 2 factors and 2 levels
There are 2 factors and 4 levels
69
select all that apply: statistical power is determined by which of the following
none of the above
sample size
effect size
variance
70
In our sample, the youngest patient is 2 and the oldest is 32. The mean age is 21. 2-32 represents the __?
mode
median
coefficient of variance
range
71
a post hoc power analysis is needed when
the null is rejected & MCID falls outside the CI
the null is accepted & MCID falls outside the CI
the null is rejected & MCID falls in the CI
the null is accepted & MCID falls in the CI
72
You're measuring your outcome of interest at 4 wks & 3 mo. Given the variable of time, what is the level of measurement?
categorial
interval
ratio
73
When comparing the magnitude of two different DVs it is best to calculate a _ to allow for objective comparison
kurtosis of result
standard deviation
coefficient of variance
the mean
74
percentage to allow unitless comparison of variability in an outcome measure
coefficient of variance (CV)
covariate
75
You come across a study and see that the p-value is .02 The alpha in the study was set at .05. You interpret this as
not statistically significant, p value is greater than alpha
statistically significant, p value is less than alpha
statistically significant, alpha less than p value
not statistically significant, alpha more than p value
76
ur examining a study that compares a prescriptive exercise program to prescribed manual therapy intervention, this is an
efficacy trial
effectiveness trial
77
used to compare two independent groups/means via pre-post testing
independent (unpaired) t-test
dependent (paired) t-test
78
what level of measurement is: equal intervals, no true zero (temperature)
ordinal
interval
ratio
nominal
79
Type 1 error is: claiming a true difference when there is actually no difference, a false positive, rejecting the null
True
False
