blocks the action of neurotransmitters

In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...

were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger

What is not a characteristic of groupthink?

gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)

Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...

an intermittent reinforcement schedule

The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
2
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
3
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
escape learning
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
4
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
5
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
cerebellum
limbic system
brainstem
6
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
7
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
parental investments
social scripts
investment differentiations
8
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
9
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
observational learning
10
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
collectivism
individualism
attributionism
11
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
12
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not been dreaming
been dreaming
not really been asleep
13
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
14
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
cannabis
alcohol
sedatives
15
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
oral
genital
latency
16
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
17
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
syntax
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
18
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
tone
light
food/meat powder
19
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
standardized validity
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
20
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
21
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
limbic system
22
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
23
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
24
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
25
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
panic disorder
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
26
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
27
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
28
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
29
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
rabbit
loud noise
fear reaction
30
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
31
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
temperament
behavioral quality
personality
32
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
33
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
action potentials
neurotransmitters
agonists
34
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
recognition
reiteration
relearning
35
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
dopamine
endorphin
acetylcholine
36
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
37
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
38
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the control group
the correlational group
the observational group
39
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
deindividuation
conformity
group polarization
40
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
delusions
illusions
hallucinations
41
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
consistency
representativeness
predictability
42
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
43
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
selection
stimulus discrimination
shaping
44
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
cookie
45
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scales
test norms
test scores
46
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
a sedative
47
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
lesioning
tumor ligation
48
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
short-term
intermediate-term
long-term
49
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
medulla
50
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
51
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
52
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender differences
gender roles
53
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
54
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
closure
similiarity
symmetry
55
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
56
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
alpha
gamma
beta
57
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
58
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
59
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
60
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
61
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
a personality test
62
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
63
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
64
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
65
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
attributions
stereotypes
prejudices
66
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
67
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
68
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
concrete
69
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
superstitious behavior
70
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
memory
71
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
72
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
73
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
suppression
repression
neurogenic amnesia
74
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a delusion
an obsession
a compulsion
75
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
centration
conservation
egocentrism
76
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
77
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
introspection
mentalism
intelligence
78
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
psychological tests
physiological recordings
direct observation
79
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
time of testing
sequential
longitundinal
80
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
81
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological stability
82
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
83
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
cochlea
temporal lobe
stirrup
84
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
content
criterion-related
construct
85
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
86
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
median
midpoint
mean
87
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
script
chunk
schema
88
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
89
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
90
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
91
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
behavior
the brain
conscious experience
92
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
93
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
94
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
95
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
96
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
97
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
98
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
fixation
regression
displacement
99
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
100
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
101
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
procedural
fluid
crystallized
102
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
loudness
timbre
decibels
103
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
104
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
schematizing
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
105
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
106
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
happiness
fear
sadness
107
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
108
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
perception
processing
sensation
109
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
110
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
111
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
112
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
modeled
encoded
ablated
113
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
platonic
mnemonic
morphemic
114
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
low in openness
high in agreeableness
115
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
conflict
change
pressure
116
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
cyclical
dissociative
bipolar
117
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
musical
spatial
mechanical
118
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
tree-bird
car-nose
fill-feed
119
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
color
saturation
brightness
120
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
121
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
122
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 1
stage 4
REM
123
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
124
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
125
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
126
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
127
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
128
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
thalamus
129
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
observational learning
130
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
131
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
132
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
a potential score
mental age
IQ
133
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
obedience
cognitive dissonance
conformity
134
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
opiates
pathogens
teratogens
135
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
print letters
136
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
hypnosis
consciousness
perception
137
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
138
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
location of injury
spinal cord
cortex
139
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
140
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
141
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
cocaine
heroin
marijuana
142
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
143
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
144
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
gonads
thyroid
pituitary
145
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
personality
mood
anxiety
146
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
147
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
148
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
149
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
150
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see

Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud