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Paper 3 Section A Revision
Paper 3 Section A Revision
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1
What era of English development is characterized by social, economic, and political changes from 1500 to 1800 CE?
Middle English
Early Modern English
Old English
Shakespearean English
2
How do connotations differ from denotations?
Connotations are literal meanings, while denotations are implied meanings.
Connotations - emotional associations. Denotations - literal meaning
Connotations are unrelated to the literal meaning, while denotations are.
Connotations and denotations are synonyms and mean the same thing.
3
Who conceptualized Substratum Theory?
Halliday
Hockett
Lyons
Aitchinson
4
How might the opportunity for oblique cultural transmission have increased over the last 40 years?
Lack of technology
Technology/use of internet
Colonialism
Globalization
5
What does the term 'loanword' refer to?
A word that has multiple meanings
A word adopted from one language into another without translation
A word that is no longer in common use
A word that changes its meaning over time
6
Semantic Amelioration is:
A word's meaning becomes more positive over time.
A word's meaning becomes less positive over time.
7
What does the Lexical Gaps Theory propose?
Lexical gap = hole in our language which needs to be filled with a word
Lexical gap = gap in knowledge of syntax
Lexical gap = gap in grammatical knowledge
Lexical gap = gap in between two parked Lexus cars
8
What does diachronic variation refer to?
Differences in language use at a single point across different locations
Changes in language in different social groups interacting at the same time
Variations in language between different regions at the same time
Variations in language that occur over time
9
Which term refers to the complete vocabulary of a language?
Lexis
Morphology
Phonology
Pragmatics
10
Who conceptualized Lexical Gaps Theory?
Lyons
Hockett
Aitchinson
Halliday
11
What does cultural transmission theory propose?
Cultures often do not transmit information to other cultures
Cultural differences will always exist in communities
Learning does not occur within communities
Learning occurs within communities
12
What is the term for a specific form of a language that is unique to a particular region or social group?
Language
Dialect
Accent
Idiolect
13
Which term describes a variation of a language that is associated with a specific social class?
Idiolect
Sociolect
Standard Language
Dialect
14
What significant event in 1066 CE led to the development of Middle English?
The discovery of America
The Battle of Hastings
The signing of the Magna Carta
The introduction of the printing press
15
A linguistic community is a group of people who...
live in the same geographic area and share a common culture.
study languages and linguistics academically.
use the same language or dialect and share communication norms.
are defined by their common religious beliefs and practices.
16
Which scenario best illustrates diachronic variation?
Different dialects used in various regions at the same time
Differences between men and women’s language use at one time
Changes in English from Shakespearean times to today
Formal and informal language use in different social settings today
17
What is linguistic reclamation?
Adopting new vocabulary from other languages
Adopting new vocabulary from other languages
Reclaiming and redefining terms previously used negatively against a group
Standardizing pronunciation across different dialects
18
Semantic pejoration is:
when a word's value increases
when a word's value narrows
when a word's value broadens
when a word's value decreases
19
Who conceptualized Cultural Transmission Theory?
Lyons
Hockett
Halliday
Aitchinson
20
What is Substratum Theory?
Languages change when native speakers learn the language imperfectly.
Languages change when non-native speakers learn the language imperfectly.
Changes to language introduced by the Oxford dictionary
Changes that quickly happen overnight to language
21
What drives Language Change, according to Substratum Theory?
All of the above
Invasion
Technology and media
Immigration and travel
22
What term refers to the speech habits that are unique to an individual person?
Idiolect
Dialect
Sociolect
Accent
23
Which of the following best illustrates synchronic variation?
Studying how language evolves from one generation to the next
The impact of migration on language development over decades
The different ways people use language in various regions of a country
Comparing Old English and Modern English to observe changes over centuries
24
What is the part of language concerned with letters and spelling?
Orthography
Grammar
Semantics
Morphology
25
Which term broadly relates to rules for the organization of meaning in a language?
Orthography
Grammar
Semantics
Morphology
26
Which of the following is an example of a neologism?
“Steam engine”
“Telephone”
“Internet”
“Medieval”
27
What is the main idea behind Howard Giles' Accommodation Theory?
Use complex language for authority.
Maintain original speech style.
Avoid changing language.
Adjust language for approval or distinction.
28
Why might a speaker change their speech to be different from their listener?
To gain approval
To show disassociation
To increase status
To blend in
29
What does synchronic variation refer to?
Differences in language use between different agegroups over years
Differences in language use at one time according to place or the context
Variations in language that occur due to changes in social status over time
Differences in language use across different historical periods
30
Who conceptualized Functional Theory?
Hockett
Aitchinson
Lyons
Halliday
31
What is Semantic broadening?
The process where a word takes on additional meanings
The process where something is changed
A lingusitc stretch
A lingusitc pattern or process
32
What does Functional Theory propose?
Words that aren’t used anymore fall out of use e.g. outdated technology
Language changes in order to better function.
Social contexts or advancements in science and technology needs new terms
new ideas evolve, new words evolve to label and describe them - laptop, app
33
What is the study of the cognitive aspects of sounds and sound patterns, and how these relate to meaning?
Syntax
Semantics
Phonology
Morphology
34
What is the primary focus of semantics in language study?
The structure of phonemes
The meaning of words or phrases
The syntax of sentences
The historical development of language
35
Which term refers to the meaning of words and how it can alter according to the context?
Lexis
Semantics
Pragmatics
Phonology
36
What does archaic language refer to?
changes frequently and evolves rapidly
outdated and no longer in common use, often from earlier historical period
newly created and modern
specific technical or professional fields
37
How does "We’re going to go to MBK on the BTS, if you fancy joining us." show aspects of a linguistic community?
Reflects informal language and cultural references.
Uses formal language and technical jargon.
Uses scientific terms specific to researchers.
Focuses on religious terminology.
38
What was the primary language used in England after the Goths destroyed Rome in 410 CE?
Latin
Celtic-influenced language
Middle English
Old English
39
What historical event in 43 CE influenced the usage of Latin in England?
The Viking invasion of England
The signing of the Magna Carta
The establishment of the Church of England
The Roman invasion of England
40
What is the definition of a neologism?
A word borrowed from another language
A word or expression that has become obsolete
A term used exclusively in scientific or technical fields
A new word or expression that has recently been added to the language
41
What does 'graphology' study?
Visual representation of written language, inc. handwriting and typography
The way words are ordered in a sentence
The cognitive aspects of sounds
The rules for the organization of meaning in a language
42
What is etymology?
The study of the origins and historical development of words.
The study of different dialects and regional variations of a language.
The study of the structure and syntax of sentences.
The study of the psychological effects of language on individuals.
43
What type of language has been used here?
General
Vague
Exclamative
technical, field specific language and jargon
44
What term describes the way words are ordered in a sentence?
Lexis
Orthography
Syntax
Grammar
45
What type of semantic change occurs when a word's meaning becomes less general over time?
Narrowing
Amelioration
Broadening
Pejoration
46
What different kinds of cultural transmission are possible?
horizontally (between people of the same generation)
vertically (between related members of different generations)
obliquely (between non-related members of different generations).
All of these answers
47
What does morphology study?
The structure and forms of words
The complete vocabulary of a language
The ordering of words in a sentence
The cognitive aspects of sounds
48
Which process involves a word acquiring a more positive meaning over time?
Amelioration
Pejoration
Narrowing
Broadening
49
What does 'semantics' deal with?
The study of sounds and their patterns
The study of the meaning of words and how meanings change
The ordering of words in a sentence
The study of word forms and structures
50
Globalisation affected language change because:
The spelling of English words changed
More people spoke English language
Foreign ‘loan’ words expanded the English lexicon
51
What is the term for when a word's meaning becomes more general and can be used in more contexts?
Broadening
Amelioration
Narrowing
Pejoration
52
What does "denotation" refer to in language?
The grammatical function of a word in a sentence
The slang or informal use of a word
The emotional or cultural associations attached to a word
The literal or primary meaning of a word
53
Semantic narrowing is...
where the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive
words created as a result of advances in medicine and technology
removing the suffix to create a new word
where existing words change their word class
