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AP Psych Exam Review Benedict
AP Psych Exam Review Benedict
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1
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
cut with a knife
say a sentence
write with a pencil
clap their hands
2
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
holobase
phoneme
morpheme
grapheme
3
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
4
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
attachment
parenting style
assimilation
motor development
5
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
operant conditioning
instrumental learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
6
a musician's ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
difference threshold
bottom up processing
absolute threshold
signal detection theory
7
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
psychometrics
positive psychology
social psychology
health psychology
8
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
developmental study
social-cognitive study
9
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
frequency theory
sensory adaptation
absolute threshold
difference threshold
10
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
pitch of the tone
frequency of the wave
amplitude of the wave
transduction of the wave
11
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
prefrontal cortex
medulla oblongata
hippocampus
corpus callosum
12
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
correlation study
case study
experiment
naturalistic observation
13
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
14
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
circadian rhythm
personalities
sleep cycles
daily activities
15
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
schizophrenia
antisocial personality disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
16
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Yerkes-Dodson law
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
James-Lange theory of emotion
17
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
low self-esteem
high self-efficacy
a strong superego
an extraverted personality
18
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
autism spectrum disorder
mental retardation
Down syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome
19
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
20
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
21
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
behavioral
cognitive
pharmacological
structuralist
22
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
primary
partial
continuous
secondary
23
authoritarian parents demonstrate
high warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
high warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
24
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
hormones jump from one axon to the next
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
25
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Broca's area
Gage's area
Wernicke's area
hippocampus
26
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
binocular and monocular cues
proximity and similarity
top-down and bottom-up processing
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
27
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
hypothalamus
pons
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
28
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
29
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
tolerance
antagonists
activation-synthesis
dissociation
30
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
95
68
84
50
31
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
neurochemical imbalances
unfulfilled needs
unhealthy attributional styles
learned associations
32
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
specific changes in the brain
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
33
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
contralateral control
effective psychological environment
hemispheric lateralization
neuroplasticity
34
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
variable interval
continuous
fixed ratio
fixed variable
35
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
bipolar disorder
dissociative identity disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
panic disorder
36
the somatic nervous system is part of the
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
37
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
adrenaline
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
38
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a mean that is the same as the median
a probability of chance less than 5%
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a correlation coefficient close to .75
39
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
social facilitation
conformity
disinhibition
social roles
40
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
standardized
triarchic
projective
achievement
41
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
Babinski
rooting
Moro
stepping
42
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
long-term potentiation
proactive interference
43
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
sensory cortex
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
medulla
44
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
fundamental
situational
internal
45
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
retinal disparity
linear perspective
closure
convergence
46
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
touch
hearing
sight
balance
47
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
add : decrease
remove : decrease
remove : increase
remove : punish
48
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
multiple intelligences
crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence
aptitude intelligence
49
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
counterconditioning
aversion therapy
rational emotive behavior therapy
systematic desensitization
50
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
51
which is an example of an implicit memory
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recognizing a celebrity
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
52
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
learned responses; physiological reactions
schedules; punishers
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
fixed intervals; variable ratios
53
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
Barnum effect
self-serving bias
false consensus effect
just world bias
54
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
she does not have a conflict
approach-avoidance
approach-approach
avoidance-avoidance
55
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
modeling
positive punishment
56
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
social facilitation theory
Schachter two-factor theory
opponent process theory
James-Lange theory
57
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the Oedipus complex
an external locus of control
the self-serving bias
unconditional positive regard
58
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
sympathetic nervous system
endocrine system
somatic nervous system
serotonin system
59
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
psychoanalytic
cognitive
behavioral
evolutionary
60
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
counterbalancing
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
standard deviation
61
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
make new friends
pursue a romantic interest
go for a run
eat a meal
62
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
mean
standard deviation
median
range
63
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
content validity
predictive validity
split-half reliability
test-retest reliability
64
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
unconditional positive regard
factor analysis
secondary central dispositions
defense mechanisms
65
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
mid 30s
early 20s
puberty
late 40s
66
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
67
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
latent learning
the overjustification effect
the law of effect
social learning theory
68
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
the importance of physical contact to development
that primates can make and use tools
that language is a uniquely human skill
69
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
attachment
conservation
universal ethical principles
object permanence
70
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
openness
extraversion
conscientiousness
neuroticism
71
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
fundamental attribution error
cognitive dissonance
self-serving bias
self-fulfilling prophecy
72
Genna age 10 underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
understanding what was said to her
moving her left hand
speaking aloud
solving a logic problem
73
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
punishment and aversion
movement and electrical shocks
performing a task and receiving food
nausea and food or drink
74
Kate age 4 sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate lacks object permanence
75
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
a mental set
divergent thinking
low experiential intelligence
belief perseverance
76
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
hindsight bias
self-serving bias
overconfidence
a theory
77
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
phonemes and morphemes
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language acquisition device
serial position effect
78
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
observational learning
counterconditioning
insight learning
latent learning
79
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
EQ test
aptitude test
achievement test
IQ test
80
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
humanistic
biological
trait
psychoanalytic
81
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
sublimation
projection
displacement
reaction formation
82
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
talking to a patient
biomedical interventions
secondary preventions
cognitive-behavioral interventions
83
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
sleep apnea and night terrors
heightened manifest dream content
interference with memory tasks
84
An EEG of Morgan after she has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
sleep spindles
delta waves
beta waves
alpha waves
85
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
compliance strategies
self-serving bias
individualism
in-group bias
86
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
assignment to conditions
random assignment
random sampling
representative assignment
87
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What is being tested
representativeness heuristic
framing effects
confirmation bias
inattentional blindness
88
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
rods
optic nerve
cornea
cones
89
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
modes
normally distributed
outliers
variances
90
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
medulla
cerebellum
amygdala
hypothalamus
91
which structure is part of the inner ear
malleus (hammer)
basilar membrane
auditory canal
tympanic membrane
92
When running for president, Bernie puts pictures of himself everywhere. Why might this help
central route persuasion
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
deindividuation
mere-exposure effect
93
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
94
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
fundamental attribution error
out-group homogeneity
self-fulfilling prophecy
reciprocity norm
95
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
myelin
terminal button
synaptic cleft
neurotransmiters
96
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
major depressive disorder
autism
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
97
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundamental attribution error
behavioral
social
situational
dispositional
98
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
increasing group polarization within different groups
responding to deindividuation among group members
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
99
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
superordinate goals
out-group homogeneity
stereotyping
scapegoating
100
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
substance abuse and dependence
inappropriate or flat affect
disconnection from reality and delusions
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
101
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
cognitive
psychodynamic
humanistic
evolutionary
102
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
smell
touch
sight
hearing
103
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
sensory adaptation
hearing high frequencies
detecting absolute threshold
sound localization
104
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
post-traumatic stress disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
major depressive disorder
105
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
id, ego, and superego
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
traits, the environment, and behavior
106
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
habituation
assimilation
accommodation
discrimination
107
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
free association
prefrontal lobotomy
gestalt therapy
electro-convulsive shock therapy
108
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
the reconstructive nature of memory
the role of the hippocampus in memory
109
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
token economy
law of effect
higher-order conditioning
behavior shaping
110
the limbic system plays an important role in
planning for the future
maintaining balance
processing sensory information
regulating emotion
111
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
culture
family
temperament
environment
112
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
113
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
recall
retroactive memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
episodic memory
114
Which is most closely associated with creativity
hypothesis testing
contextual intelligence
functional fixedness
divergent thinking
115
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
superordinate goals
deindividuation
diffusion of responsibility
group polarization
116
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
117
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
sociocultural psychologist
personality psychologist
cognitive psychologist
clinical psychologist
118
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
psychoanalyst
humanist
trait
social-cognitive
119
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
trait
humanistic
cognitive
psychoanalytic
120
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
121
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
his research wasn't representative of the population
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
122
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
EEG
rTMS
PET
MRI
123
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
extrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation
primary drives
need for achievement
124
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
gate-control theory
transduction theory
opponent-process theory
frequency theory
125
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they involve more research participants than other studies
126
What is the purpose of the DSM
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
127
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychiatrist
psychoanalyst
clinical psychologist
cognitive psychotherapist
128
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic nerve
optic chiasm
feature detectors
fovea
129
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
single blind study
counterbalancing
double blind study
Hawthorne effect
130
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
concrete operational exercises
early gross motor practice
myelination of brain neurons
secure attachment with parents
131
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus discrimination
unconditioned response
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
132
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
proactive interference
brain injury
relearning effect
leading questions
133
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
semantic memory
episodic memory
procedural memory
eidetic memory
134
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
evolutionary
biological
psychodynamic
humanistic
135
light enters the eye through an opening in the
iris
fovea
retina
blind spot
136
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
genetics and nutrition
parenting styles
unconscious conflicts
secondary drives and needs
137
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
138
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
slightly above average
well below the average of 200
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
139
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
client-centered therapy
systematic desensitization
token economies
REBT
140
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
groupthink
group polarization
deindividuation
social facilitation
141
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
four legs and a seat
a desk and/or table
pens, pencils, and a computer
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
142
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
lack of debriefing
violation of confidentiality
lack of informed consent
risk of psychological harm
143
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
psychodynamic theory
social cognitive theroy
trait theory
biological theory
144
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reward : punishment
ignore : adaptation
assimilate : accomodate
reduce : stereotypes
145
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are located in the center of the retina
are unable to detect motion
have a lower absolute threshold for light
respond more quickly to colors
146
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
median
standard deviation
mean
range
147
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
short-term memory
long-term memory
procedural memory
sensory memory
148
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
anixety
schizophrenic
dissociative
personality
149
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
mirror neurons
sublimation
modeling
latent learning
150
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
aptitude measures
standardization
test-retest reliability
construct validity