What is a planetary nebula and what will cause one to form in our solar system?

The sun's outer gas layers will expand outwards and drift off to space.

What effect would a supernova explosion have on the formation of our solar system?

It would seed nebulas with heavier elements and trigger their collapse.

Why didn't the matter in the asteroid belt turn into a planet?

The immense gravity of Jupiter interfered with the process.

A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust in interstellar space.

Where do we think the earth got its water from?

Jupiter moved water-rich, snow-line materials inward.

Once the heavier elements are formed, how do we get molecules such as water, sugar, and DNA?

Chemical reactions cause atoms to combine to make molecules.

What will happen to the sun when the hydrogen fuel in the core runs out?

The gravity of the sun will cause it to contract and heat up

How will our sun end its life as a star?

Our sun will cool off for billions of years and turn into a black dwarf.

What will happen to our sun when the core heats up to 180 million degrees Fahrenheit?

Our sun will turn into a red giant.

What elements were in the very first nebulas that formed 1st generation stars?

The first elements to form after the Big Bang: H, He, and Li

How do we know that not all of the earth's water came from comets?

There is more heavy water found on comets than in our oceans.

As nebulas contract, matter heats up but doesn't fuse yet.

Why will our sun not make any heavier elements than carbon and oxygen?

Overcrowded electrons of touching atoms will hold up the weight of the star

Why are hotter and hotter temperatures required to make heavier and heavier elements like iron?

More protons in nuclei repel each other more.

What are the oldest atoms in our bodies and how old are they?

Hydrogen in our bodies was made over 13 billion years ago.

How many hydrogen atoms fuse in the sun and what new element is created?

Four hydrogen atoms fuse into one helium atom.

What causes particles of gas and dust in interstellar space to come together and contract?

Static electricity and gravity pull the clouds together.

What prevents the planets from falling into the sun?

The speed of the planets moving outward from the sun.

Why do rocky planets form closer to the sun and gas giants form farther away from the sun?

Rocky material condenses at high temperatures but gas can't.

What happens to the spin rate of the nebula as the gases gravitationally pull closer together?

As the nebula collapses, it spins faster and faster.

Scientists discovered a diamond in the sky about the size of the Earth. How did it form?

Carbon and oxygen in the core of the white dwarf crystallized as it cooled.

How do heavier elements become available so that new planets and stars can be made from them?

Supernova explosions blast heavier elements outward in space

What will cause carbon and oxygen to be formed in our sun?

At 180 million °F helium will fuse into carbon and oxygen.

How can the orbits of planets get either closer to or farther away from the sun?

When planets fling planetesimals outward, they move inward.

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Formation of the Solar System and Fusion in Stars

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A review of how the solar system formed and how heavier elements are formed in the stars through fusion.

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Questions 25

Answers

1
What is a planetary nebula and what will cause one to form in our solar system?
It is the nebula that collapsed to form the planets and solar system.
It is a nebula formed when the gas giants shed their outer layers.
It is a supernova remnant cloud.
The sun's outer gas layers will expand outwards and drift off to space.
2
What effect would a supernova explosion have on the formation of our solar system?
It would seed nebulas with heavier elements and trigger their collapse.
It would have no effect because it is too far away.
It would break down heavier elements into lighter elements.
The heavier elements created in the explosion would be lost.
3
Why didn't the matter in the asteroid belt turn into a planet?
The high temperatures of the sun vaporized the material.
The planetesimals were too small and had too little gravity.
The asteroids were moving in the wrong direction.
The immense gravity of Jupiter interfered with the process.
4
What is a nebula?
A nebula is a cooled off, dead star.
A nebula is an exploding star.
A nebula is a failed star.
A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust in interstellar space.
5
Where do we think the earth got its water from?
The inner solar system was always full of water.
The earth got most of its water from comets.
The earth got most of its water from asteroids.
Jupiter moved water-rich, snow-line materials inward.
6
Once the heavier elements are formed, how do we get molecules such as water, sugar, and DNA?
New atoms are formed in chemical reactions.
New molecules are formed by nuclear reactions in the stars.
Chemical reactions cause atoms to combine to make molecules.
Nobody knows why elements combine to form new molecules.
7
What will happen to the sun when the hydrogen fuel in the core runs out?
The sun will explode as a supernova.
The gravity of the sun will cause it to contract and heat up
The sun will immediately turn into a white dwarf.
It will completely collapse and turn into a black hole.
8
How will our sun end its life as a star?
Our sun will make iron in its core and then explode.
Our sun will cool off for billions of years and turn into a black dwarf.
The electrons will get shoved into the nucleus and form a neutron star.
Our sun will suck in matter from another star and go supernova.
9
What will happen to our sun when the core heats up to 180 million degrees Fahrenheit?
Our sun will turn into a red giant.
Our sun will explode as a supernova.
Our sun will immediately turn into a white dwarf.
Our sun will produce silicon and iron.
10
What elements were in the very first nebulas that formed 1st generation stars?
Metals such as tin, gold, silver, platinum, and lead.
The first elements to form after the Big Bang: H, He, and Li
Rocky material that can condense at very high temperatures.
Heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon, and iron.
11
How do we know that not all of the earth's water came from comets?
The water could only have come from asteroids since the water matches.
Comets' water is a match but how did we get water 300 miles below surface?
There is more heavy water found on comets than in our oceans.
Because the earth could not have been hit 20 to 30 million times by comets.
12
What is a protostar?
As nebulas contract, matter heats up but doesn't fuse yet.
A star where hydrogen is fusing into helium.
A star where the temperature at the core is 100 million °C.
It is a star made only of protons.
13
Why will our sun not make any heavier elements than carbon and oxygen?
The crystal structure of diamond formed will stop its further collapse.
Electrons will get shoved into the nucleus and form neutrons.
It will be so white-hot that the outward pressure will hold up the star.
Overcrowded electrons of touching atoms will hold up the weight of the star
14
Why are hotter and hotter temperatures required to make heavier and heavier elements like iron?
More neutrons in nuclei make a stronger force to overcome.
Atoms closer together have the required chemical reaction.
More heat just separates the atoms more as the sun expands.
More protons in nuclei repel each other more.
15
What are the oldest atoms in our bodies and how old are they?
DNA is the oldest molecule in our bodies.
All atoms came from parents and are the same age as you are.
Helium in our bodies is just as old as the hydrogen.
Hydrogen in our bodies was made over 13 billion years ago.
16
How many hydrogen atoms fuse in the sun and what new element is created?
Four hydrogen atoms fuse to form element number 4, Beryllium
Four hydrogen atoms fuse into one helium atom.
Six hydrogen atoms fuse into carbon.
Two hydrogen atoms fuse into a helium atom.
17
What causes particles of gas and dust in interstellar space to come together and contract?
Gravity is the only force that pulls nebulas together.
Static electricity and gravity pull the clouds together.
The electrons in each atom in the nebula attract each other.
The protons in each atom in the nebula attract each other.
18
What prevents the planets from falling into the sun?
Gravity doesn't work when planets are that far away.
The planets don't have enough velocity.
The speed of the planets moving outward from the sun.
The planets don't have enough mass.
19
Why do rocky planets form closer to the sun and gas giants form farther away from the sun?
Rocky material doesn't exist past the frost line.
The colder planets are the more they condense.
Rocky material condenses at high temperatures but gas can't.
The planets closer to the sun are going at higher speeds.
20
What happens to the spin rate of the nebula as the gases gravitationally pull closer together?
As the nebula collapses, it spins faster and faster.
The pull of gravity prevents them from spinning any faster.
The rotational inertia becomes greater and it slows down.
All of the matter gets pulled inward and forms a protostar.
21
After the sun sheds its outer gas layers in its red giant stage, what will be left in the core?
A neutron star.
Rings of heavier and heavier elements all the way up to iron.
A white dwarf.
A black dwarf.
22
Scientists discovered a diamond in the sky about the size of the Earth. How did it form?
Carbon and oxygen in the core of the white dwarf crystallized as it cooled.
Electrons were shoved into the nucleus.
Overcrowded electrons repelled each other so strongly.
There was a chemical reaction between the carbon and oxygen atoms.
23
How do heavier elements become available so that new planets and stars can be made from them?
Cooling, dying stars condense into heavier elements.
Supernova explosions blast heavier elements outward in space
Heavier elements become available through chemical reactions
The heaviest elements are made in collapsing black holes.
24
What will cause carbon and oxygen to be formed in our sun?
Heavy elements will break down into carbon and oxygen.
Carbon and oxygen will form because of chemical reactions.
At 100 million °C hydrogen will fuse into carbon and oxygen.
At 180 million °F helium will fuse into carbon and oxygen.
25
How can the orbits of planets get either closer to or farther away from the sun?
When planets fling planetesimals outward, they move outward.
When planets fling planetesimals outward, they move inward.
Planets cannot gain or lose energy by flinging objects.
When planets fling objects, they change speed but not orbits

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