What is the primary purpose of a literature review?

To relate previous research and theory to the problem under investigation

What is the main characteristic of a norm-referenced test?

Scores compared to other participants

What does the term “epiphany” refer to?

perception of an intuitive understanding of the life meaning of something.

What does the hermeneutical phenomenological method attempt to reduce?

set of experiences to the consciousness of the most genuine experiences.

What should be the focus of analysis in closely related studies?

Three elements: summary, analysis, and relation to research problem

Why is it important to discuss limitations in research?

To show areas where improvements can be made

In qualitative research, why might researchers limit their initial literature review?

To avoid bias from previous findings

What does hermeneutical phenomenology emphasize with regards to sense?

The sense surrounding the everyday

What does the hermeneutic circle emphasize?

A dynamic interplay between parts and the whole

When refining a research problem through literature review, what typically happens?

the prob. needs to be changed multiple times as more literature is reviewed

What is a key characteristic of hermeneutical phenomenology in education?

It emphasizes reflexively recovering the bases of pedagogical concerns.

Primary sources are best described as:

Original research articles communicating methods and results directly

How should researchers handle methodology sections in previous studies?

Analyze for strengths and weaknesses

What characterizes qualitative reviews of literature?

They are more integrated throughout the article

In quantitative research, what does "probability sampling" mean?

Selecting participants randomly with known probabilities.

What should researchers do when finding contradictory findings?

Identify possible reasons for contradictions

What does the hermeneutical phenomenology lead educational agents to do?

To reflect on their personal experience

What is the primary purpose of including research methodology in a review?

To show successful and unsuccessful methods

How should researchers approach Internet sources?

Evaluate based on specific criteria

What is the main purpose of the discussion section in research?

To interpret findings and provide conclusions

Mixed-method literature reviews typically:

Reflect the dominant approach (quantitative or qualitative)

How should research hypotheses be developed?

Based on literature review or theory

What is considered a priority when using the phenomenological method?

To accept the importance of the method

What is the main idea behind the "snowball" sampling technique?

The researcher identifies participants by referral from prior participants

Which principle of scientific inquiry emphasizes replicating studies to validate findings?

Replicate and generalize across studies

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! VO Prüfung Methodik Fragen Senad B.

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Answers

1
What is the primary purpose of a literature review?
To showcase the researcher's knowledge
To criticize previous research
To list all available studies
To relate previous research and theory to the problem under investigation
2
Which type of purposeful sampling would focus on selecting teachers who are "experts?"
Typical Case
Criterion Sampling
Maximum Variation
Critical Case
3
How should minor studies be treated in a literature review?
Given detailed analysis
Given equal weight as major studies
Excluded completely
Summarized briefly
4
What is the main characteristic of a norm-referenced test?
Scores compared to a standard criterion
Scores indicating only pass or fail
Scores generalized for all situations
Scores compared to other participants
5
What does the term “epiphany” refer to?
A type of research method
perception of an intuitive understanding of the life meaning of something.
The reader's experiences in a text
The use of statistical formulas
6
Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of the discussion section?
Comparing with previous research
Interpretation of results
Listing all references
Evaluating methodology
7
What does the hermeneutical phenomenological method attempt to reduce?
The subject interpretations
The researcher bias
The world's object to the human consciousnes
set of experiences to the consciousness of the most genuine experiences.
8
What should be the focus of analysis in closely related studies?
Three elements: summary, analysis, and relation to research problem
Only the conclusions
Only the literature review
Only the methodology
9
What should be included in bibliographic information when taking notes?
Only the author's name
Only the publication date
Just the title
Complete citation information
10
Which database is specifically mentioned for educational research?
ERIC
LexisNexis
PubMed
Web of Science
11
What is the recommended approach for organizing studies in a review?
By publication date
By journal ranking
Alphabetically by author
By topic and subtopic
12
Which of the following is NOT a type of probability sampling?
Systematic Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Convenience Sampling
13
Why is it important to discuss limitations in research?
To avoid further studies
To eliminate data that does not fit
To show areas where improvements can be made
To discredit the research
14
In qualitative research, why might researchers limit their initial literature review?
To save time
To reduce workload
To avoid bias from previous findings
To meet word limits
15
What does hermeneutical phenomenology emphasize with regards to sense?
Only the internal sense
Only the external sense
Generalizations of sense
The sense surrounding the everyday
16
Who significantly contributed to modern hermeneutics?
Sigmund Freud
Edmund Husserl
Jean Piaget
Hans-Georg Gadamer
17
What does the hermeneutic circle emphasize?
The focus on quantitative data
Linear interpretation
A dynamic interplay between parts and the whole
The elimination of subjectivity
18
When refining a research problem through literature review, what typically happens?
The problem becomes more general
The problem remains unchanged
The problem is completely abandoned
the prob. needs to be changed multiple times as more literature is reviewed
19
What is a key characteristic of hermeneutical phenomenology in education?
It focuses on broad generalizations.
It emphasizes external experiences only.
It seeks simple alternative descriptions.
It emphasizes reflexively recovering the bases of pedagogical concerns.
20
Primary sources are best described as:
Original research articles communicating methods and results directly
Encyclopedia entries
Professional books
Review articles
21
What is the recommended coding system for evaluating articles?
Letter grades (A, B, etc.)
No coding system needed
Color-coding
Numerical only
22
Where does the word “pedagogy” originate?
Spanish
Greek
Latin
French
23
What is the recommended approach for using quotations in a literature review?
Use them frequently
Use them sparingly
Avoid them completely
Use them in every paragraph
24
How should researchers handle methodology sections in previous studies?
Skip them entirely
Copy them exactly
Analyze for strengths and weaknesses
Focus only on methods
25
Statistical significance should NOT be confused with:
Sample size
Literature review
Research hypothesis
Practical significance
26
When searching literature, what should researchers do with interesting articles outside their topic?
Include them in the current review
Replace current topic
Ignore them completely
Note them for future reference
27
What characterizes qualitative reviews of literature?
They focus only on statistical analysis
They must be placed at the beginning
They are more integrated throughout the article
They are always longer than quantitative reviews
28
What is the general rule of thumb for the minimum number of subjects needed for correlational research?
At least 15 participants
At least 30 participants
At least 50 participants
At least 20 participants
29
What is the recommended approach for handling methods sections in literature reviews?
Ignore them completely
Copy them verbatim
Focus only on methods
Summarize them briefly
30
In quantitative research, what does "probability sampling" mean?
Selecting participants based on convenience.
Selecting participants randomly with known probabilities.
Choosing participants with specific characteristics.
Utilizing a volunteer sample.
31
Which non-probability sampling technique is used to select individuals based on their availability?
Convenience sampling
Quota sampling
Purposive sampling
Stratified sampling
32
How should researchers handle studies that are only generally related to their topic?
Give them detailed analysis
Exclude them entirely
Summarize them briefly
Make them the focus
33
What is the most common source of evidence in research?
Observations
Documents
Individuals
Artifacts
34
What should researchers do when finding contradictory findings?
Ignore them
Identify possible reasons for contradictions
Only include supporting studies
Exclude all related studies
35
What is the primary purpose of evaluating Internet sources?
To check publication dates
To count citations
To compare authors
To verify credibility
36
Which of the following is NOT a specific purpose of reviewing literature?
Developing significance
Collecting new data
Refining the research problem
Identifying methodological limitations
37
What does the hermeneutical phenomenology lead educational agents to do?
To reflect on their personal experience
To be only concerned about the practical
To accept generalizations
To not be concerned with their personal experiences
38
Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions that hermeneutical phenomenology aims to analyze?
Relational
Ethical
Experimental
Practical
39
What is the primary purpose of including research methodology in a review?
To critique other researchers
To increase length
To show successful and unsuccessful methods
To copy methods exactly
40
What is needed before the process of collecting anecdotes in the HP Method?
Using an objective observer
Reviewing all the theoretical approaches
Trying to do it ourselves
Asking others first
41
What is the primary purpose of transition sentences in a literature review?
To increase word count
To introduce quotes
To create logical progression
To separate paragraphs
42
How should researchers approach Internet sources?
Evaluate based on specific criteria
Use only government websites
Accept all information
Reject all information
43
What is the main purpose of the discussion section in research?
To repeat the results
To list references
To summarize the literature review
To interpret findings and provide conclusions
44
Mixed-method literature reviews typically:
Focus only on quantitative studies
Have two separate review sections
Ignore qualitative studies
Reflect the dominant approach (quantitative or qualitative)
45
How should research hypotheses be developed?
Based on a single study
Based on literature review or theory
Based on random selection
Based on personal opinion
46
What type of questionnaire scale uses bipolar adjectives?
Checklists
Semantic differential scale
Open-ended scale
Likert scale
47
What is considered a priority when using the phenomenological method?
To make generalizations based on observations
To use specific scientific procedures
To focus on theoretical aspects of the research
To accept the importance of the method
48
What is the main idea behind the "snowball" sampling technique?
Selecting participants based on fixed intervals on a list.
The researcher identifies participants by referral from prior participants
Selecting participants based on their availability.
Selecting participants to represent extreme cases.
49
Which principle of scientific inquiry emphasizes replicating studies to validate findings?
Disclose research to peers
Link research to relevant theory
Replicate and generalize across studies
Pose significant questions
50
What is a key feature of structured interviews?
Standardized answer choices
Open-ended responses
No defined question set
Focus on qualitative analysis
51
Which non-probability sampling technique is most commonly used in qualitative studies?
Quota Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Multilevel Sampling
Purposive Sampling
52
In hermeneutics, understanding is:
Always straightforward
Free from preconceptions
Static and objective
Influenced by historical and cultural contexts
53
What branch of hermeneutics deals with legal text interpretation?
Biblical hermeneutics
Philosophical hermeneutics
Applied hermeneutics
Objective hermeneutics
54
What is a key characteristic of non-probability sampling techniques?
Requires stratification of the population
The probability of being selected is known.
The probability of being selected is unknown.
Participants are selected randomly.
55
What is the purpose of stratified random sampling?
To select a unique or atypical person
representative of the population with respect to the subgroups
To select a sample based on who is available
To select individuals with certain characteristics
56
When would a researcher use stratified purposeful sampling?
When the researcher is using qualitative methods only.
When the researcher wants to use a volunteer sample.
When the researcher is using mixed methods.
When the researcher is using quantitative methods only.
57
What is a key feature of educational research?
It is open to scrutiny by others
It avoids verification through replication
It ignores personal bias completely
t dismisses inductive reasoning
58
What is a best-evidence synthesis?
A review that includes only qualitative studies
A review of only experimental studies
A review that can include both qualitative and quantitative research
A review that includes only quantitative studies
59
How should researchers handle limitations found in previous studies?
Ignore them
Only focus on limitations
Remove studies with limitations
Acknowledge and analyze them
60
What is a meta-analysis?
A quantitative synthesis of previous studies using statistical methods
A qualitative review only
A primary source of research
An opinion-based review
61
What are the limitations of using personal experience as a source of knowledge?
It eliminates the need for further research
t relies on group opinions
It may involve biases and inaccurate observations
It's always objective
62
What does "sampling bias" refer to?
The error in generalizing from the sample to the population.
The type of research methodology being used
he level of education of the participants
unint. errors in selecting participants that lead to misleading results
63
What is the recommended approach for handling conflicting theories?
Choose the most recent
Only use supporting theorie
Ignore conflicts
Present and analyze conflicts
64
How should researchers handle theoretical frameworks in literature reviews?
Focus only on theory
Ignore them
Establish clear theoretical context
Avoid theoretical discussion
65
What does margin of error measure?
repeated random samples will deviate from the population
The difference between one subgroup and another
The number of volunteer subjects
The number of people who did not respond to the research
66
What is the recommended length for quotations in a literature review?
As long as possible
Must be at least 100 words
Should be kept short
At least one paragraph
67
How should researchers handle outdated studies?
Include if relevant despite age
Only use studies from last 5 years
Summarize without citation
Always exclude them
68
What is the “most difficult task” in the phenomenological method?
The search for meaning
The formulation of the research questions
Trying to avoid bias
The analysis of statistical results
69
What is the first step in reviewing literature?
Identifying databases
Selecting a topic and terms
Conducting the search
Writing the review
70
What is the goal when conducting a description of lived experiences?
Provide causal explanations
Provide generalizations
To describe the experience as it is lived, avoiding causal explanations
Provide abstract interpretations
71
Which source is considered a secondary source?
Original research article
Professional books
Laboratory report
Field study
72
What is the purpose of using AI tools in literature searches?
To assist in finding relevant sources
To conduct research
To replace human analysis
To write the review
73
What is a key characteristic of "concurrent sampling" in mixed-methods research?
Quantitative and qualitative data are integrated.
QD is collected and then used to stratify for quantitative data collection.
Quantitative and qualitative data are collected independently.
Quantitative and qualitative data are collected sequentially.
74
What is a "foreshadowed problem" in qualitative research?
A general purpose or question
A research limitation
A specific hypothesis
A statistical prediction
75
What is the purpose of the conversational interview in hermeneutical phenomenology?
To obtain the lived meaning of a specific experience
To only collect information
To impose our point of view
To interpret data based on scientific knowledge
76
Which instrument is best for measuring non-cognitive traits?
Standardized test
Experimental study
Controlled observation
Questionnaire
77
What kind of material does the hermeneutical phenomenology collect in its second phase?
Experiential Material
Statistical Material
Experimental Material
Theoretical Material
78
What is the primary focus of hermeneutical phenomenological analysis?
The statistical analysis of quantitative data
The theoretical interpretation of research
The use of scientific procedures
The existence and lived experience
79
How should researchers approach the organization of long reviews?
Use major and minor headings with periodic summaries
Single continuous text
Alphabetical organization
No structure needed
80
How is a theory beneficial in educational research?
It eliminates the need for empirical studies
It ensures findings are undisputed
It establishes principles to advance knowledge
It replaces the need for a research question
81
What is a common method for interpreting results based on prior studies?
Ignoring past research
Using only personal opinions
Guessing the outcome
Relating findings to previous research
82
What is the primary focus of philosophical hermeneutics?
Statistical validation
Numerical analysis of texts
Dialogical engagement and self-reflection
Deconstruction of grammar
83
What distinguishes research from informal sources of knowledge?
tts dependence on expert opinions
Its reliance on tradition
Its subjective nature
Its systematic and objective process
84
In quantitative reviews of literature, studies should be organized by:
Author
Topic
Length
Date
85
In observations, what is a high-inference observation?
Making judgments and interpretations
Direct numerical analysis
Observation without any structure
Recording specific behaviors without interpretation
86
What is the primary difference between refereed and non-refereed reviews?
Length of the review
Topic selection
External expert evaluation
Publication speed

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