A change in behaviour that results from repeated exposure to a stimulus

Ratio schedules are _____

the percentage of responses reinforced

Classical conditioning is:

Associating 2 stimuluses to elicit a response to the once neutral stimulus

Through experience, we learn to _____

associate one experience with another.

Unconditioned response is:

A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus without prior learning

Conditioned stimulus is:

A stimulus that through association comes to elicit a conditioned response

Tolman, through putting rats in mazes, figured:

They develop a cognitive map; spatial layout of the maze

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

All of the choices are correct.

involves reinforcing successive approximations towards a final response

The expectancy model in classical conditioning suggests the most important factor is:

How well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Getting spanked for running in the street

Escape conditioning is:

Learning a response to terminate an aversive stimulus

How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate?

By stimulating a reflexive response

Avoidance conditioning is:

Learning a response to avoid an aversive stimulus

Forward short delay pairing is:

CS (conditioned stimulus) appears and is still present when UCS appears

Chunking, in terms of aiding memory recall, is:

Combining individual items into larger units

Interval schedules are:

The amount of time elapsed between reinforcements

is used to develop a sequence of responses

Unconditioned stimulus is:

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without prior learning

Operant conditioning is:

A type of learning -behaviour is influenced by the consequences that follow

Effortful processing is:

Encoding that is initiated intentionally

Automatic processing is:

Encoding that occurs without intention

Our store of knowledge concerning personal experiences

Any permanent change in behavior brought on by experience

studbud

101183 Psychology: Behavioural Science Modules 7-9

100 termsStudBud Administration40 plays

Hey Lucy. well umm hmm anyways so.. This quiz covers week7 (Abnormal and forensic psych), week8 (Learned behaviours and emotions) and week9(Cognitive processes: Memory and info processing). Enjoy my dudesssss GETTT EDUCATIONALLLLLLL

Flashcards100 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 100

Answers

1
Self-efficacy= people’s belief that they've the capability to perform behaviours that'll produce a desired outcome
False
True
2
75% of films depicting characters with a serious mental illness were portrayed as physically aggressive/homicidal.
True
False
3
Habituation is:
To develop a habit
To condition the central nervous system and mitochondria
To lose a habit
A change in behaviour that results from repeated exposure to a stimulus
4
A child sees her lunch box and then feels hunger pangs. In this example, the hunger pangs are a(n) ________
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
5
Ratio schedules are _____
none of the options
amount of time elapsed between reinforcements
Every response of a particular type is reinforced
the percentage of responses reinforced
6
Classical conditioning is:
None of the options
Associating 2 stimuluses to elicit a response to the once neutral stimulus
A type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by the consequences
A decrease in the strength of a reflexive response to a repeated stimulus
7
Through experience, we learn to _____
distinguish one experience with another
compare one experience to another
associate one experience with another.
Prefer one experience over another
8
Unconditioned response is:
A stimulus that through association comes to elicit a conditioned response
A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus without prior learning
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without prior learning
9
The human brain evolves to understand the world around it - not itself:
False
True
10
Conditioned stimulus is:
A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus without prior learning
A stimulus that through association comes to elicit a conditioned response
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without prior learning
A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
11
Tolman, through putting rats in mazes, figured:
The behaviourists were right
They develop a cognitive map; spatial layout of the maze
Rats are quite smart...
All options
12
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
All of the choices are correct.
Getting relief from pain after taking an aspirin
Getting an allowance after completing chores
Getting spanked for running in the street
13
Our auditory sensory register is also called the echoic store
False
True
14
In long term memory, the serial position effect is
None of the above
Both A and B
A. The ability to recall an item is influenced by its position in a series
B. Has 2 components: recency and primacy effect
15
Pre-cursor attempts at modern science include:
Astrology and phrenology
Palmistry
All of the above (and side)
Physiognomy
16
John applies aloe Vera to his skin to soothe burning sensation. Example of:
Positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement
Negative punishment
17
Spontaneous recovery is a term referring to the reappearance of a previously extinguished unconditioned response:
False
True
18
Shaping:
none of the options
is used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response
Arnott's shapes
involves reinforcing successive approximations towards a final response
19
Reinforcement is a response weakened by the outcomes that follow
True
False
20
The expectancy model in classical conditioning suggests the most important factor is:
all options
How often the CS will be followed by the UCS
How well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS
How often the CS and UCS are paired
21
Why can myth be harmful?
All of the above (and side)
Can cause indirect damage
It can mislead treatment
It impeded our critical thinking in other areas
22
Punishment is when a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows
False
True
23
___ developed on Thorndike’s work, forming operant conditioning
Varghese Peter
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
BF Skinner
24
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
Losing your allowance for coming home late.
Not going in the street after being told not to run in the street
Getting spanked for running in the street
Learning that it is better to ask for permission before doing something
25
Acquisition refers to a period in which:
none of the options..
A response is being learned
A response is being unlearned
One is acquiring a skill
26
When the unconditioned stimulus is intense, conditioning may only require one pairing with the conditioned stimulus
True
False
27
Dual coding theory, formed by Allan Paivio states:
None of the options
Both A and B
A. Information is stored in long-term using verbal and visual codes
B. Encoding information using verbal and visual codes enhances memory
28
Which is NOTTTT a pseudo-science?
Palmistry
Phrenology
Solestry (yes...there is such thing as foot reading)
Astronomy
29
Escape conditioning is:
Escape the process of conditioning
all of the above
Learning a response to terminate an aversive stimulus
Learning a response to avoid an aversive stimulus
30
How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate?
By causing the CS to happen
It doesn’t cause the dog to salivate.
By stimulating a reflexive response
By stimulating the CR
31
Avoidance conditioning is:
All of the options
Learning a response to terminate an aversive stimulus
Escape the process of conditioning
Learning a response to avoid an aversive stimulus
32
Forward short delay pairing is:
CS is presented after the UCS
CS and UCS are presented at the same time
CS (conditioned stimulus) appears and is still present when UCS appears
CS appears then stops then UCS presented
33
Science must begin with ____ and with the criticism of ___
Myths, Myths
Myths, evidence
Myths, trains
Resources, microscopes
34
Learning occurs more quickly with a:
Backward pairing
Forward short delay pairing
Simultaneous pairing
Forward trace pairing
35
Extinction is a process in which the association between the CS and CR is weakened and disappears
True
False
36
Observational learning is imitating the behaviour of a model which you observe
True
False
37
Chunking, in terms of aiding memory recall, is:
none of the options
Combining individual items into larger units
Temporarily storing and processing information
Breaking a task into parts
38
Interval schedules are:
none of the above
Both of the above
The percentage of responses reinforced
The amount of time elapsed between reinforcements
39
Chaining:
is used to develop a sequence of responses
none of the above
involves reinforcing successive approximations towards a final response
both of the above
40
Kenneth is three years old. He doesn't want to go to the doctor's office because, "Doctors give you shots." An e.g of:
Stubbornness
learning
emotion
poor discipline
41
Which memory consists of facts, data and events?
Semantic memory
Declarative memory
Procedural memory
Dory’s memory
42
Thorndike’s law of effect: a response followed by a + or - consequence will make that response either > or < likely
True
False
43
Unconditioned stimulus is:
A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus without prior learning
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without prior learning
A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that through association comes to elicit a conditioned response
44
There is a positive correlation between full moons and hospital patients
True
False
45
Operant conditioning is:
A decrease in the strength of a reflexive response to a stimulus
Learning to associate 2 stimuli till one stimulus elicits a response
A type of learning -behaviour is influenced by the consequences that follow
none of the options
46
Effortful processing is:
Encoding that occurs without intention
Requires minimal attention
Encoding that is initiated intentionally
Information about the frequency and spatial location
47
Which one is NOT involved in memory processing?
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Pituitary gland
Thalamus
48
Automatic processing is:
Encoding that occurs without intention
Encoding that is initiated intentionally
Requires conscious attention
Information about the frequency and spatial location
49
Episodic memory is:
Memory reflected in skills and actions
Implicit
Our store of knowledge concerning personal experiences
None of the options
50
The method of loci is:
All of the options
Associates information with mental images of locations
Formed by the Ancient Greeks
A memory aid
51
What is learning?
Any temporary change in behavior brought on by education
Any permanent change in behavior brought on by education
Any permanent change in behavior brought on by experience
Any temporary change in behavior brought on by experience
52
Systematic desensitisation and flooding are used for:
Link the Saliva with the catapult
Helping flood victims
None of the options
Reducing phobias
53
Discrimination in classical conditioning refers to:
A CR occurs to 1 stimulus but not to others (e.g fear or cars not to bikes)
Discriminating against certain people in conditioning
None of the options
A UCR occurs to CR specifically
54
Only depressed people commit suicide.
False
True
55
Sources of thinking error include:
Word of mouth; confusing familiarity with accuracy
Selective perception and memory; biases, illusory correlations
All of the above (and side)
Desire for easy answers
56
Schedules of reinforcement refers to reinforcement coming in different patterns and frequencies
False
True
57
Working memory briefly holds incoming sensory information:
True
False
58
Two theories of memory revolving around the network approach are:
Parallel distributed processing and priming
Priming and neural networks
Associative network and neural networks
Associative network and priming
59
Positive refers to the adding of a stimulus whereas negative refers to the removal of a stimulus:
True
False
60
Classical conditioning is strongest when:
all of the options
UCS is more intense
Sequence involves forward pairing
Repeated CS-UCS pairing and short time interval between the two
61
Subliminal persuasion is:
All options
Utilised by advertising companies
Not backed by convincing evidence
Conditioning the unconscious mind to change behaviour
62
Long term memory capacity is essentially unlimited
False
True
63
The 3 stages of memory are:
Encoding, absorbing, inducing
Deducing, inducing, retrieving
Encoding, retention/storage, retrieval
Sensory, working, long-term
64
Implicit memory:
Represents general and factual knowledge about the world
Memory which is reflected in skills and actions
Occurs when memory influences our behaviour without conscious awareness
Involves conscious or intentional memory retrieval
65
Short term memory is also known as:
Sensory memory
Phonological loop
Working memory
Shortusitis
66
Cognitive Psychologists who opposed the behaviourist stimulus-response (SR) model argued:
There's another element between stimuli & response;cognitive representation
There’s insight involved
Cognitive processes play a key role; awareness, latent learning
All of the options
67
Myth may be defined as:
A popular but false belief or story
Facts based on empirical evidence
None of the above (and side)
Research conducted according to the scientific method
68
What is a neutral stimulus?
A stimulus that becomes the UCR over a period of conditioning
Anything that causes a reflexive response
A stimulus that causes the UCS if there've been enough trials to associate
A stimulus that doesn’t cause a response unless it is associated with a UCS
69
Exposure therapies are used to cause extinction between the CS and UCS
True
False
70
Preparedness, evolutionarily speaking, means:
Being prepared for conditioning
Animals are prepared to further their progeny
Animals are biologically predisposed to learn associations more than others
The evolution of our species to be prepared
71
Who is famously known for studying classical condition through dog’s saliva?
Rosalie Rayner
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
Skinner
72
The levels of processing from least deep to most deep is:
Semantic then phonemic then structural
Semantic then structural then phonemic
Structural then phonemic then semantic
Phonemic then structural then semantic
73
The more effectively we encode material into long term memory, the greater the likelihood of retrieving:
True
False
74
All autistic individuals possess remarkable skills.
True
False
75
Bandura’s social-cognitive theory:
All of the options
Views modelling in 4 steps: attention, retention, reproduction & motivation
Emphasises that people learn by observing the behaviour of models
Is also known as the social learning theory
76
Which part of the brain controls or modulates learning?
The subcortical structures
The cerebellum
The cerebral lobes
The cerebral cortex
77
What is the biggest evidence-based risk associated with ECT?
Death from anaesthesia
Chronic seizures
Becoming Frankenstein
joker did this to Harley in the movie 'suicide squad'!!!!
78
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner are famously known for:
Dog’s saliva experiment
String theory
Rat’s experiment
Little Albert experiment
79
Lombroso’s theory concluded that criminals were_________ different.
Narsisisisisisisisisitically
Psychotically
batman is a criminal
Physiologically
80
The enlightenment was a movement in the ____ which______
18th century, stressed blind faith over human reasoning
19th century, stressed human reasoning over blind faith
19th century, stressed blind faith over human reasoning
18th century, stressed human reasoning over blind faith
81
Conditioned response is:
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without prior learning
A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that through association comes to elicit a conditioned response
A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus without prior learning
82
In lab studies, police are not good at detecting false confessions, despite confidence.
True
False
83
Phrenology was a theory that stated:
Autistic individuals possess remarkable skills
The patterns of bumps on the skull determined personality
Phren diase is the best personality
Personality was a subjective perception
84
Positive reinforcement _____ .
punishes bad behaviour
is unpleasant
weakens behaviour by removing a stimulus
strengthens behaviour by adding a stimulus
85
A schema is:
Memorisation
The art of improving memory
A mental framework - organised pattern of thought
A position in the world
86
Most people can hold no more than 5 to 9 meaningful items in short term memory:
False
True
87
The demonological theory states:
C. Humans are at the mercy of the supernatural
A. Human reasoning is better than blind faith
Both b and c
B. Mentally ill people are sinners possessed by demons
88
The four basic learning processes are:
Habituation, classical & operant conditioning and observational learning
Habituation, reading, writing and speech
Speech, conditioning, habituation and reinforcement
Negative and positive punishment, negative and positive reinforcement
89
What are the three modules of the Multiple Resources Model?
Structural, phonemic, semantic
Vidual, aural, verbal
Visual, cognition, physical
Perception, cognition, response
90
Components of working memory include:
All options
Central executive
Phonological loop and Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
91
What should one do when exposed to myth?
Consult the evidence and put aside common sense
Accept it for yourself, but tell others to consult evidence
None of the above (and side my dudes)
Accept it as a convenient philosophical strategy
92
How is the neutral stimulus related to the CS?
None of these: the CS and the neutral stimulus are not related
The neutral stimulus becomes the CS once conditioning has occurred.
The CS causes the neutral stimulus to change.
The neutral stimulus causes the CS to change after conditioning has occured
93
Mnemonics refers to:
The art of improving memory
The art of distorting memory
Schema
Short for pneumonia
94
The fallacy of positive instances is:
Being objective and avoiding bias
Focussing on events that disprove your hypothesis
Focussing on events that confirm your hypothesis and remembering them
None of the above (and side)
95
The three stage model of memory includes:
Encoding, retention, retrieval
Deducing, inducing, retrieving
Encoding, absorbing, inducing
Sensory, working, long-term
96
Retrieving, in the 3 stages of memory, refers to:
Retaining information over time
Getting information into the system
Holding incoming sensory information
Accessing stored information
97
In treating paedophiles, a therapist may pair pictures of children with strong electric shock. This is known as:
Concept check
Attraction therapy
Aversion therapy
Thorndike’s law of effect
98
A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS:
Low-Order conditioning
High-order conditioning
Pairing
Neutrality conditioning
99
Negative reinforcement________.
strengthens behaviour by removing a stimulus
None of the options
Punishes bad behaviour
Strengthens behaviour by adding a stimulus
100
Behaviourists followed a paradigm by which:
They explained learning in terms of directly observable events
Avoiding speculating about an organism's unobservable mental state
Assumed there are laws of learning that apply to all organisms
all of the options

101183 Psychology: Behavioural Science Modules 7-9 Flashcards | StudBud

101183 Psychology: Behavioural Science Modules 7-9

100 termsStudBud Administration40 plays

Flashcards100 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 100

Answers

1
Self-efficacy= people’s belief that they've the capability to perform behaviours that'll produce a desired outcome
False
True
2
75% of films depicting characters with a serious mental illness were portrayed as physically aggressive/homicidal.
True
False
3
Habituation is:
To develop a habit
To condition the central nervous system and mitochondria
To lose a habit
A change in behaviour that results from repeated exposure to a stimulus
4
A child sees her lunch box and then feels hunger pangs. In this example, the hunger pangs are a(n) ________
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
5
Ratio schedules are _____
none of the options
amount of time elapsed between reinforcements
Every response of a particular type is reinforced
the percentage of responses reinforced
6
Classical conditioning is:
None of the options
Associating 2 stimuluses to elicit a response to the once neutral stimulus
A type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by the consequences
A decrease in the strength of a reflexive response to a repeated stimulus
7
Through experience, we learn to _____
distinguish one experience with another
compare one experience to another
associate one experience with another.
Prefer one experience over another
8
Unconditioned response is:
A stimulus that through association comes to elicit a conditioned response
A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus without prior learning
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without prior learning
9
The human brain evolves to understand the world around it - not itself:
False
True
10
Conditioned stimulus is:
A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus without prior learning
A stimulus that through association comes to elicit a conditioned response
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without prior learning
A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
11
Tolman, through putting rats in mazes, figured:
The behaviourists were right
They develop a cognitive map; spatial layout of the maze
Rats are quite smart...
All options
12
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
All of the choices are correct.
Getting relief from pain after taking an aspirin
Getting an allowance after completing chores
Getting spanked for running in the street
13
Our auditory sensory register is also called the echoic store
False
True
14
In long term memory, the serial position effect is
None of the above
Both A and B
A. The ability to recall an item is influenced by its position in a series
B. Has 2 components: recency and primacy effect
15
Pre-cursor attempts at modern science include:
Astrology and phrenology
Palmistry
All of the above (and side)
Physiognomy
16
John applies aloe Vera to his skin to soothe burning sensation. Example of:
Positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement
Negative punishment
17
Spontaneous recovery is a term referring to the reappearance of a previously extinguished unconditioned response:
False
True
18
Shaping:
none of the options
is used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response
Arnott's shapes
involves reinforcing successive approximations towards a final response
19
Reinforcement is a response weakened by the outcomes that follow
True
False
20
The expectancy model in classical conditioning suggests the most important factor is:
all options
How often the CS will be followed by the UCS
How well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS
How often the CS and UCS are paired
21
Why can myth be harmful?
All of the above (and side)
Can cause indirect damage
It can mislead treatment
It impeded our critical thinking in other areas
22
Punishment is when a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows
False
True
23
___ developed on Thorndike’s work, forming operant conditioning
Varghese Peter
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
BF Skinner
24
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
Losing your allowance for coming home late.
Not going in the street after being told not to run in the street
Getting spanked for running in the street
Learning that it is better to ask for permission before doing something
25
Acquisition refers to a period in which:
none of the options..
A response is being learned
A response is being unlearned
One is acquiring a skill
26
When the unconditioned stimulus is intense, conditioning may only require one pairing with the conditioned stimulus
True
False
27
Dual coding theory, formed by Allan Paivio states:
None of the options
Both A and B
A. Information is stored in long-term using verbal and visual codes
B. Encoding information using verbal and visual codes enhances memory
28
Which is NOTTTT a pseudo-science?
Palmistry
Phrenology
Solestry (yes...there is such thing as foot reading)
Astronomy
29
Escape conditioning is:
Escape the process of conditioning
all of the above
Learning a response to terminate an aversive stimulus
Learning a response to avoid an aversive stimulus
30
How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate?
By causing the CS to happen
It doesn’t cause the dog to salivate.
By stimulating a reflexive response
By stimulating the CR
31
Avoidance conditioning is:
All of the options
Learning a response to terminate an aversive stimulus
Escape the process of conditioning
Learning a response to avoid an aversive stimulus
32
Forward short delay pairing is:
CS is presented after the UCS
CS and UCS are presented at the same time
CS (conditioned stimulus) appears and is still present when UCS appears
CS appears then stops then UCS presented
33
Science must begin with ____ and with the criticism of ___
Myths, Myths
Myths, evidence
Myths, trains
Resources, microscopes
34
Learning occurs more quickly with a:
Backward pairing
Forward short delay pairing
Simultaneous pairing
Forward trace pairing
35
Extinction is a process in which the association between the CS and CR is weakened and disappears
True
False
36
Observational learning is imitating the behaviour of a model which you observe
True
False
37
Chunking, in terms of aiding memory recall, is:
none of the options
Combining individual items into larger units
Temporarily storing and processing information
Breaking a task into parts
38
Interval schedules are:
none of the above
Both of the above
The percentage of responses reinforced
The amount of time elapsed between reinforcements
39
Chaining:
is used to develop a sequence of responses
none of the above
involves reinforcing successive approximations towards a final response
both of the above
40
Kenneth is three years old. He doesn't want to go to the doctor's office because, "Doctors give you shots." An e.g of:
Stubbornness
learning
emotion
poor discipline
41
Which memory consists of facts, data and events?
Semantic memory
Declarative memory
Procedural memory
Dory’s memory
42
Thorndike’s law of effect: a response followed by a + or - consequence will make that response either > or < likely
True
False
43
Unconditioned stimulus is:
A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus without prior learning
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without prior learning
A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that through association comes to elicit a conditioned response
44
There is a positive correlation between full moons and hospital patients
True
False
45
Operant conditioning is:
A decrease in the strength of a reflexive response to a stimulus
Learning to associate 2 stimuli till one stimulus elicits a response
A type of learning -behaviour is influenced by the consequences that follow
none of the options
46
Effortful processing is:
Encoding that occurs without intention
Requires minimal attention
Encoding that is initiated intentionally
Information about the frequency and spatial location
47
Which one is NOT involved in memory processing?
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Pituitary gland
Thalamus
48
Automatic processing is:
Encoding that occurs without intention
Encoding that is initiated intentionally
Requires conscious attention
Information about the frequency and spatial location
49
Episodic memory is:
Memory reflected in skills and actions
Implicit
Our store of knowledge concerning personal experiences
None of the options
50
The method of loci is:
All of the options
Associates information with mental images of locations
Formed by the Ancient Greeks
A memory aid
51
What is learning?
Any temporary change in behavior brought on by education
Any permanent change in behavior brought on by education
Any permanent change in behavior brought on by experience
Any temporary change in behavior brought on by experience
52
Systematic desensitisation and flooding are used for:
Link the Saliva with the catapult
Helping flood victims
None of the options
Reducing phobias
53
Discrimination in classical conditioning refers to:
A CR occurs to 1 stimulus but not to others (e.g fear or cars not to bikes)
Discriminating against certain people in conditioning
None of the options
A UCR occurs to CR specifically
54
Only depressed people commit suicide.
False
True
55
Sources of thinking error include:
Word of mouth; confusing familiarity with accuracy
Selective perception and memory; biases, illusory correlations
All of the above (and side)
Desire for easy answers
56
Schedules of reinforcement refers to reinforcement coming in different patterns and frequencies
False
True
57
Working memory briefly holds incoming sensory information:
True
False
58
Two theories of memory revolving around the network approach are:
Parallel distributed processing and priming
Priming and neural networks
Associative network and neural networks
Associative network and priming
59
Positive refers to the adding of a stimulus whereas negative refers to the removal of a stimulus:
True
False
60
Classical conditioning is strongest when:
all of the options
UCS is more intense
Sequence involves forward pairing
Repeated CS-UCS pairing and short time interval between the two
61
Subliminal persuasion is:
All options
Utilised by advertising companies
Not backed by convincing evidence
Conditioning the unconscious mind to change behaviour
62
Long term memory capacity is essentially unlimited
False
True
63
The 3 stages of memory are:
Encoding, absorbing, inducing
Deducing, inducing, retrieving
Encoding, retention/storage, retrieval
Sensory, working, long-term
64
Implicit memory:
Represents general and factual knowledge about the world
Memory which is reflected in skills and actions
Occurs when memory influences our behaviour without conscious awareness
Involves conscious or intentional memory retrieval
65
Short term memory is also known as:
Sensory memory
Phonological loop
Working memory
Shortusitis
66
Cognitive Psychologists who opposed the behaviourist stimulus-response (SR) model argued:
There's another element between stimuli & response;cognitive representation
There’s insight involved
Cognitive processes play a key role; awareness, latent learning
All of the options
67
Myth may be defined as:
A popular but false belief or story
Facts based on empirical evidence
None of the above (and side)
Research conducted according to the scientific method
68
What is a neutral stimulus?
A stimulus that becomes the UCR over a period of conditioning
Anything that causes a reflexive response
A stimulus that causes the UCS if there've been enough trials to associate
A stimulus that doesn’t cause a response unless it is associated with a UCS
69
Exposure therapies are used to cause extinction between the CS and UCS
True
False
70
Preparedness, evolutionarily speaking, means:
Being prepared for conditioning
Animals are prepared to further their progeny
Animals are biologically predisposed to learn associations more than others
The evolution of our species to be prepared
71
Who is famously known for studying classical condition through dog’s saliva?
Rosalie Rayner
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
Skinner
72
The levels of processing from least deep to most deep is:
Semantic then phonemic then structural
Semantic then structural then phonemic
Structural then phonemic then semantic
Phonemic then structural then semantic
73
The more effectively we encode material into long term memory, the greater the likelihood of retrieving:
True
False
74
All autistic individuals possess remarkable skills.
True
False
75
Bandura’s social-cognitive theory:
All of the options
Views modelling in 4 steps: attention, retention, reproduction & motivation
Emphasises that people learn by observing the behaviour of models
Is also known as the social learning theory
76
Which part of the brain controls or modulates learning?
The subcortical structures
The cerebellum
The cerebral lobes
The cerebral cortex
77
What is the biggest evidence-based risk associated with ECT?
Death from anaesthesia
Chronic seizures
Becoming Frankenstein
joker did this to Harley in the movie 'suicide squad'!!!!
78
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner are famously known for:
Dog’s saliva experiment
String theory
Rat’s experiment
Little Albert experiment
79
Lombroso’s theory concluded that criminals were_________ different.
Narsisisisisisisisisitically
Psychotically
batman is a criminal
Physiologically
80
The enlightenment was a movement in the ____ which______
18th century, stressed blind faith over human reasoning
19th century, stressed human reasoning over blind faith
19th century, stressed blind faith over human reasoning
18th century, stressed human reasoning over blind faith
81
Conditioned response is:
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without prior learning
A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that through association comes to elicit a conditioned response
A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus without prior learning
82
In lab studies, police are not good at detecting false confessions, despite confidence.
True
False
83
Phrenology was a theory that stated:
Autistic individuals possess remarkable skills
The patterns of bumps on the skull determined personality
Phren diase is the best personality
Personality was a subjective perception
84
Positive reinforcement _____ .
punishes bad behaviour
is unpleasant
weakens behaviour by removing a stimulus
strengthens behaviour by adding a stimulus
85
A schema is:
Memorisation
The art of improving memory
A mental framework - organised pattern of thought
A position in the world
86
Most people can hold no more than 5 to 9 meaningful items in short term memory:
False
True
87
The demonological theory states:
C. Humans are at the mercy of the supernatural
A. Human reasoning is better than blind faith
Both b and c
B. Mentally ill people are sinners possessed by demons
88
The four basic learning processes are:
Habituation, classical & operant conditioning and observational learning
Habituation, reading, writing and speech
Speech, conditioning, habituation and reinforcement
Negative and positive punishment, negative and positive reinforcement
89
What are the three modules of the Multiple Resources Model?
Structural, phonemic, semantic
Vidual, aural, verbal
Visual, cognition, physical
Perception, cognition, response
90
Components of working memory include:
All options
Central executive
Phonological loop and Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
91
What should one do when exposed to myth?
Consult the evidence and put aside common sense
Accept it for yourself, but tell others to consult evidence
None of the above (and side my dudes)
Accept it as a convenient philosophical strategy
92
How is the neutral stimulus related to the CS?
None of these: the CS and the neutral stimulus are not related
The neutral stimulus becomes the CS once conditioning has occurred.
The CS causes the neutral stimulus to change.
The neutral stimulus causes the CS to change after conditioning has occured
93
Mnemonics refers to:
The art of improving memory
The art of distorting memory
Schema
Short for pneumonia
94
The fallacy of positive instances is:
Being objective and avoiding bias
Focussing on events that disprove your hypothesis
Focussing on events that confirm your hypothesis and remembering them
None of the above (and side)
95
The three stage model of memory includes:
Encoding, retention, retrieval
Deducing, inducing, retrieving
Encoding, absorbing, inducing
Sensory, working, long-term
96
Retrieving, in the 3 stages of memory, refers to:
Retaining information over time
Getting information into the system
Holding incoming sensory information
Accessing stored information
97
In treating paedophiles, a therapist may pair pictures of children with strong electric shock. This is known as:
Concept check
Attraction therapy
Aversion therapy
Thorndike’s law of effect
98
A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS:
Low-Order conditioning
High-order conditioning
Pairing
Neutrality conditioning
99
Negative reinforcement________.
strengthens behaviour by removing a stimulus
None of the options
Punishes bad behaviour
Strengthens behaviour by adding a stimulus
100
Behaviourists followed a paradigm by which:
They explained learning in terms of directly observable events
Avoiding speculating about an organism's unobservable mental state
Assumed there are laws of learning that apply to all organisms
all of the options