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Duplicate of AP Psych Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psych Exam Review
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1
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
2
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
the social role hypothesis
linguistic relativity hypothesis
principle of continuity
gender schema theory
3
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
pons
hypothalamus
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
4
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are located in the center of the retina
have a lower absolute threshold for light
respond more quickly to colors
are unable to detect motion
5
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
low self-esteem
an extraverted personality
high self-efficacy
a strong superego
6
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
transduction of the wave
pitch of the tone
frequency of the wave
amplitude of the wave
7
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
test-retest reliability
split-half reliability
predictive validity
content validity
8
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
tolerance
activation-synthesis
dissociation
antagonists
9
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
genetics and nutrition
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
unconscious conflicts
10
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
endocrine system
serotonin system
sympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
11
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
phallic stage
anal stage
latency period
oral stage
12
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
an external locus of control
unconditional positive regard
the Oedipus complex
the self-serving bias
13
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
behavior shaping
law of effect
higher-order conditioning
token economy
14
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
15
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
signal detection theory
absolute threshold
bottom up processing
difference threshold
16
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
be able to take another person's perspective
have been exposed to good, moral role models
believe in God
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
17
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
traits, the environment, and behavior
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
id, ego, and superego
18
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
groupthink
group polarization
deindividuation
social facilitation
19
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
increasing group polarization within different groups
responding to deindividuation among group members
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
20
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
21
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
superordinate goals
diffusion of responsibility
deindividuation
group polarization
22
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
achieving physiological homeostasis
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
23
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
major depressive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
24
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a mean that is the same as the median
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a probability of chance less than 5%
25
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the overjustification effect
social learning theory
latent learning
the law of effect
26
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
stepping
rooting
Babinski
Moro
27
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
evolutionary
humanistic
psychodynamic
biological
28
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
specific changes in the brain
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
29
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
modeling
sublimation
mirror neurons
latent learning
30
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
clinical psychologist
cognitive psychologist
personality psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
31
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
low experiential intelligence
belief perseverance
a mental set
divergent thinking
32
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
fovea
feature detectors
optic nerve
optic chiasm
33
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
68
84
50
95
34
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
random sampling
random assignment
assignment to conditions
representative assignment
35
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
effective psychological environment
hemispheric lateralization
neuroplasticity
contralateral control
36
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
fixed intervals; variable ratios
schedules; punishers
learned responses; physiological reactions
37
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
postconventional
James-Lange
theory Y
approach-avoidance
38
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
mental retardation
fetal alcohol syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
Down syndrome
39
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
biological theory
social cognitive theroy
psychodynamic theory
trait theory
40
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
eidetic memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
episodic memory
41
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
structuralist
behavioral
cognitive
pharmacological
42
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
defense mechanisms
unconditional positive regard
secondary central dispositions
factor analysis
43
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
token economies
client-centered therapy
REBT
systematic desensitization
44
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
adrenaline
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
45
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
46
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
dispositional
behavioral
situational
social
47
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
evolutionary
psychoanalytic
behavioral
cognitive
48
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
synaptic cleft
myelin
neurotransmiters
terminal button
49
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
out-group homogeneity
stereotyping
scapegoating
superordinate goals
50
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
schizophrenia
antisocial personality disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
51
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
deindividuation
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
central route persuasion
mere-exposure effect
52
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
53
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
well below the average of 200
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
slightly above average
54
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they involve more research participants than other studies
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
55
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
talking to a patient
secondary preventions
cognitive-behavioral interventions
biomedical interventions
56
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
major depressive disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
57
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
counterconditioning
latent learning
observational learning
58
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : punish
remove : decrease
add : decrease
remove : increase
59
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
she does not have a conflict
avoidance-avoidance
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
60
What is the purpose of the DSM
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
61
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
hearing
balance
touch
sight
62
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
partial
continuous
primary
secondary
63
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
culture
environment
family
temperament
64
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
multiple intelligences
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
aptitude intelligence
65
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
mean
standard deviation
range
median
66
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cornea
rods
optic nerve
cones
67
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
risk of psychological harm
lack of informed consent
violation of confidentiality
lack of debriefing
68
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
conscientiousness
neuroticism
extraversion
openness
69
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Yerkes-Dodson law
James-Lange theory of emotion
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
70
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
71
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
triarchic
achievement
standardized
projective
72
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
personalities
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
daily activities
73
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
moving her left hand
understanding what was said to her
solving a logic problem
speaking aloud
74
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
standardization
construct validity
aptitude measures
test-retest reliability
75
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
secure attachment with parents
myelination of brain neurons
concrete operational exercises
early gross motor practice
76
which is an example of an implicit memory
describing the taste of a birthday cake
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recognizing a celebrity
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
77
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
descriptive statistics
standard deviation
inferential statistics
counterbalancing
78
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
79
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
80
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
modeling
negative reinforcement
81
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate lacks object permanence
Kate has a lack of conservation
82
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
social roles
conformity
social facilitation
disinhibition
83
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
habituation
discrimination
accommodation
assimilation
84
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
eat a meal
pursue a romantic interest
go for a run
make new friends
85
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-fulfilling prophecy
cognitive dissonance
fundamental attribution error
self-serving bias
86
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
proactive interference
leading questions
relearning effect
brain injury
87
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
humanist
psychoanalyst
trait
social-cognitive
88
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
size of the group
placebo effect
presence of an authority figure
wearing guard uniforms
89
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
James-Lange theory
social facilitation theory
Schachter two-factor theory
opponent process theory
90
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
recall
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
episodic memory
retroactive memory
91
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the serial position effect
the rate at which people forget information
the reconstructive nature of memory
92
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
normally distributed
modes
outliers
variances
93
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Gage's area
hippocampus
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
94
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
attachment
conservation
universal ethical principles
object permanence
95
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
four legs and a seat
pens, pencils, and a computer
a desk and/or table
96
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
rTMS
PET
EEG
MRI
97
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
long-term memory
sensory memory
short-term memory
procedural memory
98
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
attachment
parenting style
motor development
assimilation
99
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
prefrontal lobotomy
gestalt therapy
free association
electro-convulsive shock therapy
100
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
internal
situational
fundamental
101
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
sublimation
displacement
projection
reaction formation
102
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
median
range
mean
standard deviation
103
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
social psychology
positive psychology
health psychology
psychometrics
104
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
self-fulfilling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
out-group homogeneity
reciprocity norm
105
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
sensory adaptation
frequency theory
absolute threshold
difference threshold
106
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
top-down and bottom-up processing
binocular and monocular cues
proximity and similarity
107
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
hearing
smell
sight
touch
108
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
achievement test
IQ test
EQ test
aptitude test
109
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Albert Bandura
William James
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner
110
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
variable interval
continuous
fixed variable
fixed ratio
111
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
unfulfilled needs
unhealthy attributional styles
learned associations
neurochemical imbalances
112
authoritarian parents demonstrate
high warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
high warmth and high control
113
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
disconnection from reality and delusions
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
substance abuse and dependence
inappropriate or flat affect
114
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
morpheme
holobase
grapheme
phoneme
115
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
say a sentence
clap their hands
cut with a knife
write with a pencil
116
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
evolutionary
cognitive
humanistic
psychodynamic
117
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
118
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
hearing high frequencies
sensory adaptation
detecting absolute threshold
sound localization
119
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
convergence
linear perspective
retinal disparity
closure
120
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
assimilate : accomodate
reduce : stereotypes
ignore : adaptation
reward : punishment
121
which structure is part of the inner ear
malleus (hammer)
auditory canal
tympanic membrane
basilar membrane
122
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
beta waves
sleep spindles
delta waves
alpha waves
123
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
counterbalancing
single blind study
Hawthorne effect
double blind study
124
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
unconditioned response
stimulus generalization
125
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
medulla oblongata
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum
hippocampus
126
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
social-cognitive study
longitudinal study
cross-sectional study
developmental study
127
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
humanistic
psychoanalytic
biological
trait
128
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
serial position effect
phonemes and morphemes
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language acquisition device
129
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
parenting style
masculine/feminine personality traits
traumatic childhood experiences
hormones released in the womb
130
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
case study
correlation study
naturalistic observation
experiment
131
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
inferiority complexes
repressed memories
functional fixedness
archetypes
132
the somatic nervous system is part of the
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
133
Which is most closely associated with creativity
contextual intelligence
functional fixedness
divergent thinking
hypothesis testing
134
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
manifest content and latent content
conscious level and non conscious level
role theory and dissociation theory
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
135
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
his research wasn't representative of the population
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
136
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
medulla
sensory cortex
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
137
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
anixety
dissociative
schizophrenic
personality
138
the limbic system plays an important role in
processing sensory information
regulating emotion
maintaining balance
planning for the future
139
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
hormones jump from one axon to the next
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
physical contact between dendrites
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
140
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
need for achievement
extrinsic motivation
primary drives
intrinsic motivation
141
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
humanistic
psychoanalytic
cognitive
trait
142
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
mid 30s
late 40s
puberty
early 20s
143
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
observational learning
classical conditioning
instrumental learning
operant conditioning
144
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
Alzheimer's disease
major depressive disorder
Parkinson's disease
autism
145
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
nausea and food or drink
performing a task and receiving food
movement and electrical shocks
punishment and aversion
146
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
at what age can children reason abstractly
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
147
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
rational emotive behavior therapy
counterconditioning
148
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
long-term potentiation
proactive interference
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
149
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
bipolar disorder
dissociative identity disorder
panic disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
150
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
151
light enters the eye through an opening in the
blind spot
retina
iris
fovea
152
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
false consensus effect
self-serving bias
just world bias
Barnum effect
153
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
sleep apnea and night terrors
interference with memory tasks
heightened manifest dream content
154
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
gate-control theory
opponent-process theory
frequency theory
transduction theory
155
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
156
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
amygdala
hypothalamus
cerebellum
medulla
157
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that primates can make and use tools
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
that language is a uniquely human skill
the importance of physical contact to development
158
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
cognitive psychotherapist
clinical psychologist
psychoanalyst
psychiatrist
159
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
compliance strategies
self-serving bias
individualism
in-group bias
160
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
overconfidence
a theory
hindsight bias
self-serving bias
161
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
L-Dopa
benzodiazepines
lithium
SSRIs
162
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
representativeness heuristic
framing effects
confirmation bias
inattentional blindness
163
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
nonessential subjects like art and music
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
environmental factors that influence intelligence