Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...

an intermittent reinforcement schedule

The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

124 termsStudBud Administration10 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 124

Answers

1
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline (first lab)?
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
2
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
3
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
processing
sensation
attention
4
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
5
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
endocrine system
reticular formation
6
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
7
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
food/meat powder
light
salivation
8
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
9
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
temperament
attachment
behavioral quality
10
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
11
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
fear
surprise
happiness
12
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological instability
13
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
14
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
15
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
schematizing
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
16
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
cocaine
marijuana
heroin
17
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
18
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
been dreaming
a headache
19
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
delta
alpha
gamma
20
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
shared inhibition
strange situation
21
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 4
stage 2
REM
22
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
insight
intelligence
reasoning
23
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
consistency
representativeness
predictability
24
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
25
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
rat
loud noise
fear reaction
26
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
27
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
reversibility
centration
conservation
28
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
29
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
ablated
modeled
retrieved
30
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
escape learning
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
31
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
32
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
33
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
34
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
endorphin
acetylcholine
serotonin
35
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
abstract operations
logical reasoning
36
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
platonic
phonemic
morphemic
37
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
a sedative
38
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
perception
sensation
consciousness
39
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
40
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
41
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
schizophrenic
anxiety
mood
42
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
43
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
44
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
observational learning
45
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
groupthink
conformity
cognitive dissonance
46
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
47
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
48
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
cookie
give cookie
49
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
a personality test
50
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
memory
51
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
compensation
regression
fixation
52
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
similiarity
constancy
closure
53
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
panic disorder
fugue
54
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
investment differentiations
social scripts
parental investments
55
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
postconventional
concrete
preconventional
56
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
limbic system
cerebellum
brainstem
57
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
58
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
mode
median
mean
59
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
60
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
61
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
62
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
insomnia
narcolepsy
63
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
stereotypes
self-serving bias
prejudices
64
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
selection
step-wise conditioning
shaping
65
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
content validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
66
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
humanistic
behavioral
psychoanalytic
67
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
68
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
loudness
timbre
decibels
69
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
70
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
71
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
chunk
script
schema
72
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
thalamus
pineal gland
corpus callosum
73
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a behavior rating
74
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
75
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
pathogens
opiates
teratogens
76
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
alcohol
cannabis
narcotics
77
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
procedural
crystallized
fluid
78
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
79
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
80
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the observational group
the experimental group
the correlational group
81
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
82
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
tumor ligation
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
83
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
sensory
short-term
long-term
84
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
85
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
medulla
86
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
87
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
temporal lobe
oval window
stirrup
88
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
89
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
90
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
91
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
repression
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
92
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
overextension
93
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
lens
iris
vitreous humor
94
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
spatial
musical
logical-mathemathical
95
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
unipolar
cyclical
dissociative
96
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
97
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
98
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
anal
oral
genital
99
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
100
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
101
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
mental age
IQ
a potential score
102
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
group polarization
deindividuation
conformity
103
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
spinal cord
thalamus
location of injury
104
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a delusion
a phobia
an obsession
105
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
106
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
107
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
108
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recognition
reiteration
recall
109
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
110
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
agonists
111
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
marital problems
112
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
obsessions
illusions
hallucinations
113
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
mentalism
introspection
cognition
114
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
115
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
pancreas
116
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
117
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
118
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
subliminal perception
119
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
social charm
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
120
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
121
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
122
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
123
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
latent learning
124
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views

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