If data points are almost as close to line of best fit as they are the mean

Probably a non-significant model

What does two-variable chi-square test tell you

Whether variables are independent or related

What’s the aim of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)

Captures quality & texture of individual experience

What does verbatim transcription refer to?

Tape recording of the interview

What does one-variable chi-square test tell you

Whether observed freq. is sig. different from expected freq.

What does a t-test assess?

Whether 2 sample means are sig. different

R is a standardised measure of

Shared variance divided by separate variance

Thematic analysis involves

Summary of themes (no limit on no. themes)

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Research Methods

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Questions 103

Answers

1
Which method involves researcher’s observations, in group or culture, recorded & analysed
Participant observation
Quantitative observation
Cultural observation
Qualitative observation
2
Likert scales are often analyses with which test
Non-parametric
Parametric
3
What are the practicalities of participant observation?
Period of observation
Access to research setting
Key informants
All of the above
4
Non-parametric alternative to independent samples t-test
Mann Whitney U
Wilicoxon matched pairs
5
What does the use of reverse scores in a likert scale check?
Social desirability bias
Acquiescence bias
Researcher bias
Sampling error
6
What is an example of a non-probability sample?
Snowball sample
All of the above
Opportunity sample
Quota sample
7
P>0.05
Reject null (H0), accept alternative (H1)
Accept null
8
SPSS stands for
Statistical Package for Social Sciences
Significant Practices of Social Sciences
9
Explores the role of language in constitution of social & psych life
Foucaldian Discourse analysis
Discourse analysis
Thematic analysis
Interpretative phenomenologicaanalysis
10
Qualitative research
Always uses objective measurements
Acknowledges human exp. too complex to be reduced
Involves comparative psychology
Focuses on lab-based experiments
11
Qualitative research is a
Continuum
Dichotomy
12
If data points are almost as close to line of best fit as they are the mean
Probably a non-significant model
Probably a significant model
13
What does two-variable chi-square test tell you
The statistical difference of the observed freq.
Whether variables are independent or related
Whether observed freq. is sig. different from expected freq.
Whether two variables are sig. different from each other
14
Which is not a measure of variability
Mean
Deviance
Standard deviation
Variance
15
Temperature is an example of what level of measurement?
Ratio
Ordinal
Interval
Nominal
16
Divide population into separate groups & select members from each strata by random sampling
Random sampling
Cluster sampling
Stratified sampling
Quota sampling
17
Leptokurtic distribution is
Normal
Flat
Flattened
Peaked
18
What is the line of best fit expressed as
Y=ax+b
Y=a+b
Y=a+bx
Y=2a+bx
19
Which is not a measure of central tendency
Range
Mode
Mean
Median
20
What is the main role of the researcher in focus groups?
Evaluator
Observer
Main contributor
Moderator
21
What are ways to ensure reliability?
Split half method
Test-retest
Alternative forms method
All of the above
22
A non-directional hypothesis is also know as a
Two-tailed hypothesis
One-tailed hypothesis
23
Predicts changes in an outcome variable using a predictor variable
Cause & Effect
Correlation
Experimental
Regression
24
What’s the aim of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)
Discovers how language constructs social reality
Identifying themes that emerge across data
Captures quality & texture of individual experience
Explores role of language in const. of social & psych life
25
What does verbatim transcription refer to?
Tape recording of the interview
The way an interviewer interprets the verbal responses
26
Validity in qual. research refers to
Objective validity of measure or scale
Validity of the analysis
27
Method for inferring population info. (parameters) from sample info. (statistics) is
Descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics
28
Scale involves
Ratio and interval
Ordinal and interval
Nominal and ratio
Nominal and ordinal
29
If shared variance is greater than separate variance
R is low - strong correlation
R is high - strong correlation
R is low - weak correlation
R is high - weak correlation
30
Quantitative research is a
Dichotomy
Continuum
31
Researcher measures the
DV
IV
32
What is ethnographic research corned with?
Observations as they are seen
Behaviour
Experiences as they are lived
Past experiences
33
Null hypothesis evaluates the likelihood that means differ due to sampling error alone
Never
Very rarely
Always
Sometimes depending on the sample
34
Which level of measurement simply involves labels?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
35
What does one-variable chi-square test tell you
Whether two variables are sig. different from each other
The statistical difference of the observed freq.
Whether variables are independent or related
Whether observed freq. is sig. different from expected freq.
36
What does a t-test assess?
The significance of results from a sample
The standard deviation of a samples mean scores
Whether 2 sample means are sig. different
How much variance there is between 2 samples
37
Predictor and outcome
Y=predictor x=outcome
Y=line intercept x=gradient of line
Y=gradient of line x=line intercept
Y=outcome x=predictor
38
What is not an example of probability sample?
Quota sample
Stratified sample
Random sample
Cluster sample
39
Assesses if there is a relationship between measured variables
Cause & Effect
Experimental
Regression
Correlation
40
What correlational analysis would you run for non-parametric data?
Pearson’s r
Mann Whitney U
Spearman’s rho
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
41
R is a standardised measure of
Shared variance divided by separate variance
Separate variance divided by shared variance
42
Mesokurtic distribution is
Flat
Peaked
Flattened
Normal
43
Platykurtic distribution is
Peaked
Flattened
Flat
Normal
44
Correlation between ice-cream sales and no. deaths by drowning is an example of what?
Spurious correlation
Negative correlation
Directional correlation
Positive correlation
45
Subjectivity of qual. interviews is viewed as
A limitation
An advantage
46
Reason for change from quant. to qual. research
Bored of lab studies
Findings too subjective
To focus more on behavioural studies
‘Crisis’ in social science
47
A variable that systematically co-varies with the IV
Extraneous variable
Dependant variable
Confounding variable
48
IV is
Measured
Manipulated
49
Social constructionism
Relativism
Realism
50
Thematic analysis involves
Summary of themes (no limit on no. themes)
Transcribes text into 3 main themes
Focuses on one main theme
Analyses content for a small number of themes
51
t(18) = 3.56, p<0.05
Reject H0, accept H1
Accept HO (no statistically sig. difference)
52
Focus groups are based on
Q&A
Listening to videos
Story-telling
Discussion
53
Regression equation involves
Causal explanations
Correlational design
Relationships
Line of best fit, math formula, predictor & outcome
54
Value of r tells you
Strength of relationship
Strength, type and mean score
Type of relationship (positive or negative)
Strength and type
55
Statistical test that tests if data is normally distributed & can run prior to correl. analysis
Mann Whitney U
Spearman’s rho
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Pearson’s r
56
Differences that result from observing only a subset vs. whole population is what?
Third variable
Methodological error
Researcher bias
Sampling error
57
What is something you should involve in a questionnaire?
Ambiguous phrasing
Long Q’s
Specific Q’s
Jargon
58
Reaction time is an example of
Ordinal
Ratio
Interval
Nominal
59
Scores must be normally distributed for
Independent samples t-test
Both
Paired samples t-test
60
Variability in extraneous variables kept the same across levels is referred to as
Balancing
Consistency
Counter balancing
Replicability
61
Curvilinear relationships means
Variables are not related
Variables have a linear relationship
Variables are related but no linear relationship
Pearson’s r should be used
62
What does a Z-score indicate?
How many standard deviations a score is from the mean
How much variance there is in a samples results
63
What is thematic analysis
Identifying themes that emerge across data
Explores role of language in const. of social & psych life
Discovers how language constructs social reality
Captures quality of individual experience
64
Inferential analysis requiring a population’s distribution meet certain conditions is
Non-parametric tests
Parametric tests
65
What does Cramer’s V reperesent
Strength of relationship between categorical var.
Cause and effect of variables
66
Which type of graph would be suitable for nominal measures
Bar graph
Scatter plot
Pie chart
Line graph
67
To work out variance between 2 variables you must
Square correlation coefficient & multiply by 100
Square root correlation coefficient & divide by 100
Square root correlation coefficient & multiply by 100
Square correlation coefficient & divide by 100
68
What does hermeneutic focus on
Psychological laws and principles
Uniqueness
Meaning and interpretation
69
Within-participant design
Ppts assigned to all levels of IV
Ppts assigned to one level of IV
70
What can an alternative hypothesis not predict?
Difference
No difference
Relationship
71
Correlation coefficient (r) varies from
0 to 1
-1 to +1
-1 to 0
-2 to +2
72
Positive skew means
More frequent scores clustered at lower end of distribution
More frequent scores clustered at higher end of distribution
73
Uniform distribution is
Peaked
Flat
Normal
Flattened
74
What does the BRUSO model stand for?
Brief, relevant, unambiguous, specific, objective
Balanced, random, unambiguous, specific, obtainable
Brief, repeated, unambiguous, simple, objective
Balanced, relevant, understanding, specific, objective
75
What are transcription keys?
List of transcription conventions used
Guidelines on how to transcribe discussion
76
How to work out variance in Cramer’s V
Square correlation coefficients
Square categorical variables
77
Longitudinal design aspects that differ from cross-sectional design
Requires same ppt. sample for repeated measure
All of the above
Measures variables at several points in time
Can track changes in relationship
78
Example of non-parametric tests
Wilicoxon matched pairs
Mann Whitney U
Neither are examples
Both are examples
79
What can help ensure focus groups recruit enough participants?
Over-recruit
Use incentives (e.g. free lunch)
Informed consent
All of the above
80
Content analysis can be used to
Convert qual. data into quant. form
Convert quant. data into qual. form
81
What is an example of a correlational design?
Field study
Observation
Cross-sectional
Meta-analysis
82
What is a probability sample?
How proportional subgroups are to their size in population
Numerical value indicating likelihood of outcome
83
Neither null or alternative hypotheses are proven to be true
True
False - one is proven when the other is rejected
84
In which type of experiment is the IV not manipulated by the researcher?
Observation
Lab experiment
Quasi experiment
Randomised experiment
85
Which level of measurement is the highest (where zero indicates none)?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
86
Key feature of semi-structured interview
Interactive
Responsive
Flexible
All of the above
87
Aims to discover how language constructs social reality
IPA
Thematic analysis
Foucaldian discourse analysis
Discourse analysis & discursive psych
88
Residual
Participant variables
Sum of totals minus the number of results
Difference between line of best fit and actual data
Amount of points on the graph not accounted for
89
What refers to whether the scale reflects theoretical constructs?
Ecological validity
Construct validity
Discriminant validity
Face validity
90
T-statistic is
Ratio of unexplained over explained variability
Ratio of explained over unexplained variability
91
What does it mean if a histogram is bimodal?
It is asymmetric
It involves two different results
It has a bell curve
It has two peaks
92
Census refers to
Methods for analysing results from a sample
Methods for obtaining info. from population
93
A variable that could affect the variables under study
Dependant variable
Extraneous variable
Independent variable
Confounding variable
94
What does Constants refer to
Confounding variables kept the same across levels
Extraneous variables kept the same across levels
IV kept the same across variables
DV kept the same across variables
95
Realism
Quantitative
Qualitative
96
Regression predicts
How strongly variables are related
Causal relationship
The possibilities of outcomes
How much variable 2 will change by how much var. 1 changes
97
What is involved with qual. interviews?
All of the above
Interviewer = active listener
Lack of standardisation
Flexible areas to explore
98
What is the simplest form of validity?
Discriminant
Construct
Face
Ecological
99
What is NOT an attitude of a good interviewer?
Role of facilitator
Sets aside own biases
Acceptance
Evaluates all responses
100
What correlational analysis would you run for parametric data?
Pearson’s r
Spearman’s rho
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Mann Whitney U
101
What is an example of text based research?
Observational analysis
Correlational study
Lab experiment
Discourse analysis
102
What is a limitation of participant observations
Field note-taking may be problematic
Doesn’t use enough resources
Limited description
Unreliable
103
Relativism
Qualitative
Quantitative

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