Exclusion criteria...

Characteristics (i.e., age, sex, etc.) that exclude people from a study

The mean is a measure of central tendency often used in research. The mean can be a misleading representation of data if

it contains outliers, very small or large values that are not typical

the number of individuals in a sample

What is bias in research?

something that distorts the validity of findings

Data in the form of equal units with an absolute zero

Considers the properties of two variables in relation to each other

What is ordinal data?

data which is placed into some kind of order or scale

Threats to internal validity (select all that apply)

Mortality, testing, selection bias, History

allows data to be ordered with known differences between values.

results of a study were really due to variables the researchers suggest

What is the meaning of "population" in research? Select CAREFULLY

The people that the study findings are supposed to apply to

Examples of descriptive statistics Select all the apply

range, frequency, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)

The Chi Square Statistic is used for

finding the differences between the groups in demographics

the rate of subject dropping out of the study

What is convenience Sampling?

Nonprobability sampling - subjects fitting inclusion - easily accessible

In which situation is the mean a useful measure of central tendency?

When the data is normally distributed

Inclusion criteria are:

The requirements that a subject must fulfill to enter a study

Accessible population means:

participants available to the researcher

How do you find the mode?

Find the number that comes up the most

Definition: Probability

The chance of something happening

External validity refers to what?

The generalisability of research findings

A true experiment must have these 3 things (select 3)

control, randomization, manipulation

Where a pop. is split into clusters, and then sample everyone in the groups

Descriptive Design...

Gathers specific information related to an identified issue.

A retrospective study design:

examines data that has already been collected

A confounding variable is...

interferes with the relationship between IV and DV

Stratified random sampling...

Prevents the possibility that subgroups of population are under-represented

Systematic Random Sampling

Start at a random point and choose every "-nth"

Quasi-experimental designs features

either no control group or no random assignment

Criteria for inclusion/exclusion in a study are designed to:

control for any bias or extraneous variability

What is the purpose of research?

To advance knowledge and increase understanding

Correlational designs...

establish whether two variables are related

The extent to which items measure what they are supposed to measure

Simple random sampling

Each member has an equal chance of being selected

The best way to define Instrument Validity

Instrument measures "what it's suppose to measure"

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N472 Exam two

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Questions 70

Answers

1
Exclusion criteria...
The data collected at the beginning of a study
An educated guess
Variables that depend on other variables
Characteristics (i.e., age, sex, etc.) that exclude people from a study
2
The mean is a measure of central tendency often used in research. The mean can be a misleading representation of data if
the range of the scores is much greater than anticipated
the frequency of each score has not been calculated
there is not an equal number of scores whose above and below its value
it contains outliers, very small or large values that are not typical
3
Sample size
Data that can be measured in numbers
A question that can be answered by an experiment
the number of individuals in a sample
A testable prediction
4
What is bias in research?
assignment of labels
something that distorts the validity of findings
doing good
in favour of something in research
5
What is ratio data?
Data in the form of equal units with an absolute zero
Data with a numerical value based on ranks or ratings
Data organised into separate categories
Data in the form of equal units
6
Bivariate analysis..
Considers the properties of two variables in relation to each other
Looks at the relationships between more than two variables
Analyses the qualities of one variable at a time
7
Define Nominal Data
Data that consists of numbers with values.
Data that can be ordered.
Data that contain decimals.
Data that contains no numbers.
8
What is ordinal data?
Data which must have a true zero
No. where the difference between points is standardised
data which is placed into some kind of order or scale
9
The picture below is an example of a __________
Positively skewed distribution
Normal distribution
Negatively skewed distribution
balanced distribution
10
Threats to internal validity (select all that apply)
Mortality
testing
selection bias
History
11
Interval data
allows data to be ordered with known differences between values.
allows comparing differences between numbers. A definate starting point.
allows groups of descrete (categories to be classified.
does not have an exact numerical scale. Values allow for ranking.
12
Research design is dependent upon the following points?
Purpose & questions being asked
All of the above
Nature of the issue or problem being investigated
What is likely to offer best fit & potential outcomes
13
Internal Validity
results can be generalized if conducted in diff environments/ diff people
results of a study were really due to variables the researchers suggest
results of a study weren't really due to variables the researchers suggest
results can't be generalized if conducted in diff environments/ diff people
14
What is the meaning of "population" in research? Select CAREFULLY
The people who participated in the study
The people that the study findings are supposed to apply to
The group who received the experimental treatment
The people who refused to be in the study
15
Examples of descriptive statistics Select all the apply
range
frequency
measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)
Measure signficance
16
Power analysis can provide numerical guidance for determining sample size.
True
False
17
The picture below is an example of a __________
balanced distribution
Normal distribution
Positively skewed distribution
Negatively skewed distribution
18
The Chi Square Statistic is used for
To see if the groups are the same
Determine if there are statistical differences between two groups.
finding the differences between the groups in demographics
To see if the sample plan worked
19
A univariate analysis measures
the difference between two variables
variable substantiveness
a single variable
unibrows
20
Randomization is useful to eliminate:
Observer bias
Patient bias
Selection bias
Sampling bias
21
Snowball Sampling
Probability
Nonprobability
22
Attrition rate is
the rate at which subjects enter a study
the rate at which people sabotage the study
the rate at which the participants pass the study
the rate of subject dropping out of the study
23
Which of the following needs to have a larger sample size?
Hetergeneous population
Homogeneous population
24
What is convenience Sampling?
Nonprobability sampling - subjects fitting inclusion - easily accessible
Judgemental sampling
Subjective, based on characteristics
Analyst jointly collects codes
25
What is the Median?
Average
Middle
The difference between the highest and lowest number
Most Often
26
In which situation is the mean a useful measure of central tendency?
When the data has a small range
When the data is skewed
When the data contains extreme outliers
When the data is normally distributed
27
Nominal Data
Age
Height
City of Birth
Satisfaction scale
28
Inclusion criteria are:
The inverse of the exclusion criteria
The requirements that a subject must fulfill to enter a study
The parameter that is being measured
Subjects who want to join the study
29
Accessible population means:
optimal samples
participants who have online access
face to face participants only
participants available to the researcher
30
How do you find the mode?
you don't find the mode
Find the number that comes up the most
You add up all the numbers it gives you
31
Definition: Probability
forecasting
a test to pilot a study
The chance of something happening
The number of existing cases
32
External validity refers to what?
All of the above
Whether the findings are what the experimenter expected
Whether an observed effect can be attributed to the IV
The generalisability of research findings
33
A true experiment must have these 3 things (select 3)
control
at least three groups
randomization
manipulation
34
Cluster Sampling
When your total mean of a sample is equal to your total pop. mean
Where a pop. is split into clusters, and then sample everyone in the groups
A sampling technique where you choose indivudals who are easier to access
To randomly select a point to start, and sampling equal intervals apart
35
What statistic is used of the data is interval ratio?
Pearson's R
t Statistic
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Chi Square
36
Casuality can also be described as cause-and-effect.
False
True
37
Descriptive Design...
Is the master plan for conducting the marketing research.
Gathers specific information related to an identified issue.
Focuses on cause and effect and tests “what if?” theories.
Collects information to help define issues and choose how to address it.
38
A retrospective study design:
examines data that has already been collected
uses interviews to gather data
examines a group of participants over a period of time
randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group
39
A confounding variable is...
an external variable that does not affect the result
the variable that you control
the variable you measure
interferes with the relationship between IV and DV
40
Stratified random sampling...
Relies on early sample subjects to refer others to participate
Selects the most conveniently available participants
Rarely represents the target population
Prevents the possibility that subgroups of population are under-represented
41
Systematic Random Sampling
Define into clusters and sample the clusters
Divide pops into subset of a variable
Start at a random point and choose every "-nth"
Randomly select from a pop
42
Quasi-experimental designs features
All of the above
either no control group or no random assignment
No control group; and non-random assignment
random assignment; control group
43
Criteria for inclusion/exclusion in a study are designed to:
make it easier for researchers to select participants.
control for any bias or extraneous variability
keep the wrong participants out of the study
get the best participants into the study
44
The rule of 30 - there needs to be a minimum of 30 subjects in each group being studied
False
True
45
What is the purpose of research?
To develop an IRP
To get results
To advance knowledge and increase understanding
To educate others and tabulate results
46
Which statistic should be used to test for relationships among two variables with interval or ratio data
Pearson's R
t Statistic
Chi Square
Descriptive stats
47
Correlational designs...
establish whether two variables are related
can find a cause and effect relationship between variables
involve manipulation of variables
require random assignment
48
Construct Validity
The extent to which items measure what they are supposed to measure
proportion of variants attributable to true score of the latent varible
49
Simple random sampling
Generates samples dependent on set criteria
Sample is selected according to a known characteristic
Each member has an equal chance of being selected
Selected based on sex/gender
50
The picture below is an example of a __________
Negatively skewed distribution
balanced distribution
Positively skewed distribution
Normal distribution
51
The best way to define Instrument Validity
Instrument collects consistent information over time
Measures Physiological attributes
Measures psychological attributes
Instrument measures "what it's suppose to measure"
52
What does randomization do in an experiment?
It eliminates bias.
It eliminates the effects of other variables.
It reduces variation.
It helps prevent confounding.
53
A small group chosen from the target population is called
A subculture
A subgroup
A sample
A sampling frame
54
Extranous variables are:
extra variables with no impact
Any variable that may cause a change to the DV
are positive to have in research
results in a negative test
55
What is the mode?
5.5
6
5 and 6
5
56
The t Statistic is used for
To see if the groups are the same
Determine if there are statistical differences between two groups.
To see if the sample plan worked
finding the differences between the groups in demographics
57
In the measures of central tendency, what is the mean?
average
median
When your boss makes you do things
mode
58
Cross-sectional design investigates...
Gather data from a group of subjects at one point in time
same people over time
how results are found after a quantitative research
how relationships are stablished between data slots
59
Experimental designs are used
To assess the impact of an intervention
To establish cause-and-effect relationships of variables
All of the above
To test the hypothesis
60
What Sampling Plan?
Stratified
Systematic
Cluster
SRS
61
What is the target population?
The world's population
A small section of the whole population
A specific sample
The whole population of people you are looking to test
62
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean, Median, Range
Mode, Range, Median
Range, Mode, Mean
Mean, Median, Mode
63
Snowball sampling
selecting people likely to be relevant to the study
ask interviewees if they know anyone else interested
throw snow at people and see if they want to participate
selecting people based on some form of system
64
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
predictability
representativeness
accuracy of inference
65
What is an example of ordinal data?
Work satisfaction rating, on a scale of 1-5
Ranking in a running race
Favourite colour
Maths exam score, out of 75
66
Which of the following are factors to consider when planning data collection? Select all the apply
Costs
Budget
Time frame
Training of personnel
67
What is the median? (4, 7, 2, 1, 9, 3, 6)
1
8
4
9
68
Effective recruitment of subjects would suggest that the sample would be reflective of
The target population
non-responders
A low effect size
sampling bias
69
Longitudinal designs ___.
measure different age groups at two different times
manipulate a variable at two points in time
measure at least four variables at one time
measures the same variables at more than one point in time
70
Randomization will lead to more bias
True
False

N472 Exam two Flashcards | StudBud