MICROBIOLOGY WEEK 1 STUDY AID

Multicellular; grow as long filaments; reproduce by sexual and asexual spores; molds on breads, cheese etc./penicillin

Led to the development of pasteurization- the process of heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria.

Hypothesized that cowpox provided protection against the potentially fatal disease, smallpox.

When the “swan-necked” flasks remained upright, no microbial growth appeared and when tilted, microbes appeared:

How do genes work?

Unicellular algae is found in fresh water and consumed by marine animals. It can be used in polishing compounds.

Leeuwenhoek’s microorganisms can be grouped into six categories: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and yeast.

Koch’s Experiments led to which advances in laboratory microbiology?

Unicellular; reproduce asexually by budding; some produce sexual spores.

By the end of the 19th century, animalcules (tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single-celled protozoa) were called:

Concluded that Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill all microbes or had not sealed them tightly enough:

Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture; some isolated in extreme environments (high saline/hot springs):

Who identified the existence of microbes that have never been cultured?

Who proposed spontaneous generation, meaning living things can arise from nonliving matter?

Gram positive has a purple tint.

Koch published two studies that explained the cause of TB was a rod-shaped bacterium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Protozao are capable of locomotion by:

Results prove or disprove hypothesis. *Accepted hypothesis leads to theory/Disproved hypothesis is rejected or modified.

Is one of the first steps to identify a bacterium:

Robert Koch created smears onto solid surfaces medium like a potato slice or gelatin.

Gram negative has a pink tint.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek:

Large algae include seaweeds and kelp that can be used to make gelatinous thickeners and emulsifiers in foods.

Extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whiplike than cilia.

First seen around 1932 under an electron microscope. A cellular obligatory parasites composed of genetic material.

Demonstrated fermentation does not require living cells. Showed enzymes produce chemical reactions.

Cell extensions that flow in direction of travel.

Florence Nightingale was an English Doctor who introduced antiseptic techniques and cleanliness into nursing practices.

How did biochemistry began?

John Snow was an English Physician whose studies were the foundation of infection control and epidemiology branches.

Who determined that genes are contained in molecules of DNA?

Candida albicans causes bread to rise and produces alcohol from sugar.

Who’s experiment concluded that maggots never developed when decaying meat was kept isolated from flies.

Lister founded antiseptic surgical technique and provided avenues for research in this field and general disinfection.

Scientists agreed large animals could not arise spontaneously, but microbes could. Who reinforced this idea?

Scientists want to answer which question(s)?

Carl Woese and Linus Pauling determined cells can be categorized as bacteria, archaea, or eukaryotes.

What steps are a part of Koch’s Postulates; needed to prove the cause of any infectious disease.

Single-celled eukaryotes similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure. Asexual and sexual reproduction.

In 1908 Ehrlich discovered a chemical causative agent for syphilis, though the arsenic-based drug had side effects.

The debate over the cause of fermentation reactions is not linked to the debate over spontaneous generation at all.

Some believed air caused fermentation; others insisted living organisms caused fermentation.

Began the field of industrial microbiology- the intentional use of microbes for manufacturing products.

Unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotes that make their own food through photosynthesis.

Range in size from microscopic forms to adult tapeworms that can grow to 33 ft in length.

Observation leads to questions.

Biochemistry is the study of metabolism; chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.

Some philosophers and scientists of the past though living things arose from three processes:

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan; though some lack cell walls.

Developed the germ theory of disease.

Gram staining inspired his theory that chemicals can be used to kill microorganisms.

What Swedish botanist developed a taxonomic system for naming plants and animals, and grouping similar organisms?

Molecular Biology combines aspects of biochem., cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the mol level.

Who’s experiment concluded that all living things arise from other living things.

Began noticing women who delivered at the teaching institution with medical students had a higher death rate vs home..

Numerous short protrusions that propel organisms through its environment.

Question generates hypothesis.

Produced by endospores of bacterial cells:

Debate over spontaneous generation led in part to development of the:

He studied causative agents of disease (etiology)

Who began making and using simple microscopes?

Hypothesis is tested through observations.