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729 - Multivariable Statistics Flashcards | StudBud
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729 - Multivariable Statistics
What is a fun fact about Omotayo?
Why is 'analysis of variance' misleading?
729 - Multivariable Statistics
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1
Why is 'analysis of variance' misleading?
Ignores differences
Enhances variance
Focuses on means
Confirms variances
2
What is a fun fact about Omotayo?
He is a chef
He loves painting
He plays guitar
He is a dentist
3
What is the purpose of Zou's modified Poisson regression?
Estimate relative risks
Estimate odds ratios
Estimate means
Estimate variances
4
How many students participated in the YRBS?
8,200
6,915
5,000
7,500
5
What is P(B∣A) in probability?
Probability of B given A
Probability of A given B
Probability of B or A
Probability of A and B
6
How does t-distribution differ from Z-distribution?
Wider and shorter
Confirms normality
Ignores variability
Narrower and taller
7
What is sarcopenia?
Joint pain
Fatigue
Progressive muscle loss
Bone density loss
8
What alternative approach is recommended for mediation analysis methods when dealing with binary outcomes?
Survival analysis
Logistic model
Log-binomial model
Linear model
9
What does Kristin speak fluently?
French
Italian
Spanish
German
10
What does PCE stand for?
Positive Childhood Experiences
Psychological Care Evaluation
Public Community Engagement
Personal Care Essentials
11
What is the recommended screentime for children?
3 hours
4 hours
2 hours
1 hour
12
What happens as sample size increases?
Distribution approaches normal
Graphs become colorful
Statistics become fun
Data becomes chaotic
13
What's the difference between fixed effects and random effects?
Fixed effects represent population-level effects
Random effects represent population-level effects
Fixed effects effects capture the impact of clustering
Fixed effects 'surround' the population-level average
14
How could you study the effect of a new teaching method on testing scores and account for clustering within schools?
Random intercepts only
Neither random intercepts or slopes
Random intercepts and slopes jointly
Random slopes only
15
Standard mediation analysis methods can be problematic when dealing with binary outcomes.
False
True
16
What has Professor Koning not received a certification in?
Scuba diving
Wilderness First Reponse
Alpine ski instruction
Yoga instruction
17
What is the core purpose of statistics?
To confuse people
To predict the future
To make charts
Assess data probability
18
When to use paired-samples t-test?
Two scores from same person
When you feel lucky
When you have a magic wand
Two independent groups
19
Which group has higher CRC risk?
Healthy individuals
Binge drinkers
Non-smokers
Smokers and binge drinkers
20
What is Simpson’s paradox?
Opposite trends in data
A paradox about Homer
A math puzzle
A statistical joke
21
What is the purpose of Chi-squared test?
Ignores differences
Assess meaningful pattern
Confirms random chance
Enhances dependence
22
What scale is used in categorical data?
A scale of 1 to 10
Ordinal scale
Nominal scale
Interval scale
23
How can non-differential measurement error in the mediator impact the results of a mediation analysis?
Biases the direct effect toward the null
Biases the indirect effect toward the null
Biases the indirect effect away from the null
Biases the direct effect away from the null
24
What was the sales growth of nicotine pouches from 2019 to 2022?
300M to 700M
200M to 600M
100M to 500M
126.06M to 808.14M
25
What does the null hypothesis state?
Signal is random chance
Signal is strong
Signal is a joke
Signal is a myth
26
What does χ2 goodness-of-fit test assess?
The weather forecast
How good your outfit is
Observed vs expected distribution
The number of stars in the sky
27
What does Iulia enjoy doing for fun?
Cooking
Hiking
Magic the Gathering
Reading
28
Why does randomness introduce variability?
Equal chance for all
To make life interesting
To create chaos
To confuse researchers
29
What is belief bias in research?
Confirms existing beliefs
Ignores statistical methods
Reduces evidence
Enhances objectivity
30
What does a fit-residual plot assess?
Correlation between variables
Variance of predictors
Normality of data
Linearity and homoscedasticity
31
What does a significant interaction term indicate?
X and Y are independent
Z has no effect
No relationship exists
Relationship changes with Z
32
What does multicollinearity indicate?
High correlation among predictors
Low correlation among predictors
Variance in outcome variable
Independence of variables
33
When to use t-distribution?
When in doubt, flip a coin
Population SD is unknown
Sample size is small
Population SD is known
34
What is Mahmoud's favorite pastime?
Binge-watching documentaries
Building sandcastles
Watching movies
Skydiving
35
What are degrees of freedom?
Independent information
Ignores data
Enhances estimation
Confirms parameters
36
Why might χ2 test fail with 1 degree of freedom?
Confirms normal distribution
Ignores binomial
Fails approximation
Enhances accuracy
37
What does rejecting the null hypothesis suggest?
Confirms null hypothesis
No difference
Ignores means
Significant difference
38
Which demographic is more likely to use nicotine pouches?
Older adults
Children
Young adults
Elderly
39
What does 'independent' mean in coin flips?
Flips are magical
No influence on others
Flips are synchronized
Flips are predictable
40
What is Lesley's unique qualification?
Doctor
Dentist
Chef
Reverend
41
What age is CRC screening recommended to start?
40
50
55
45
42
What is Fisher's primary focus?
Create new math
Prove hypothesis true
Falsify null hypothesis
Confuse statisticians
43
What is a significant predictor of UPF consumption?
Favorite color
Shoe size
Pet preference
Age
44
What is a key assumption for Chi-squared test?
Everyone must agree
Variables must be continuous
Observations must be independent
Cats are better than dogs
45
What does Cook's distance measure?
How far you can run
How much you can eat
Influence of an observation
The distance to the moon
46
What does BRFSS stand for?
Basic Risk Factor Survey
Behavioral Response Factor Survey
Bureau of Risk Factors and Statistics
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey
47
Difference between Student's and Welch's t-test?
They are the same test
One is for students, one is for teachers
Welch's adjusts for unequal variances
Both assume equal variances
48
How does sample size affect Type II error?
Confirms error
Reduces likelihood
Ignores error
Increases likelihood
49
What is the difference between risk and odds?
Risk is always higher
Both are the same
Odds is probability of event
Risk is probability of event
50
What is a post-treatment confounder?
Variable is independent
Variable only affects outcome
Variable not affected by treatment
Variable caused by treatment
51
What is a recommended next step when you identify a statistically significant interaction term?
Report mediation
Report and move on
Visualize and contextualize
Look for more interactions
52
What is the purpose of analyzing a sample?
To confuse statisticians
To infer population traits
To make graphs pretty
To create noise
53
Variance and standard deviation of a random slope quantify how group intercepts deviate from the overall average.
True
False
54
What does a confidence interval offer?
Confirms p-value
Precision and magnitude
Ignores direction
Enhances null hypothesis
55
What is a common characteristic of UPFs?
Made with love
Low-cost and ready-to-eat
Home-cooked ingredients
Nutritionally rich
56
What is one of Maggie's hobby?
Photography
Crocheting
Picnic planning
Candle making
57
Why is t-distribution useful in drug epidemiology?
Enhances normality
Unknown sigma
Ignores variability
Confirms population
58
Which factor is crucial for identity development?
Peer pressure
Childhood experiences
Academic success
Social media influence
59
What is the main purpose of OLS in regression?
Maximize the sum of errors
Estimate the variance of X
Minimize the sum of squared errors
Calculate the mean of Y
60
What is the central limit theorem?
Mean of sample = population mean
Mean is a mystery
Mean is always zero
Mean is unpredictable
