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Midtern Research
Midtern Research
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1
Bias
or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.
prejudice in favor of or against on things, person,
2
ADPIE is the nursing process.
True
False
3
How is independence in research violated? Subjects are related in some way or More than one score is collected from the
Subjects are related in some way
or More than one score is collected from the same subject
4
Adequate sampling strategy is ?
Implement strategies to maximize retention
desifn a recruitment plan
create inclusion and exclusion criteria
Define the population
Apply the selection methodology
determin the number of subjects needed
5
What are barriers to evidenced-based practice?
Not enough time/work load
Technical and complex terminology
Lack of adequate education and expereince
Launguage barrier
Inadequate organizational support
lack of access to best available evidence
6
longitudinal studies
example--effects of a treatment or emergence of disease
reseach in the same people are restudied and retested over long period
7
institutional review board means?
provide protection for human research participants
ex: census data, labor statistics.
publicly available data does not required IRB review
through review of the ethical acceptability of proprosal for human research
8
What is evidence- based- practice?
A pracess that uses the best available research , clinical expertise .
Health care rule.
Patient preferences to inform patient care decisions
A research by a nursing student
9
what is types of IRB studies
a process of information exchange than includes recruitment materials
full reviews: all research that posed more than minimal risk to subjects
Expedited: studies that pose only minimal risk for subjects
exept: studies that pose no risk for subjects (DO NOT REQUIRE IRB)
10
Randomized clinical trials ?
require additonal levels of iversight.
typically are reciewed by a data safty mnitoring board
have a higher level of scrutiny
same people.
11
Primary researcher is the individual or team who directly conducted a research study?
False
True
12
Belomont report is ?
and guidelines that address ethical issues arising
identifies base ethical principles
from the conduct of reseatch with human subjects
In respinse to highly publicized case documenting researchers abuse of powe
13
What are the characteristics of nursing research.
Peer reviewed. Objective review by third party to ensure quality.
Reviewer unaware of authorship
In blind review.
Replication: nFindings are duplicate in different populations
14
Declaration of helsinki (1964) written by the world medical association which specifically addresses medical reseach
True
False
15
Negative relationship btw two variables means an increase in on variable is related to decrease in the other
False
True
16
What is nursing research?
It is a systemic inquiry that uses rigorous guidelines
All the above
It is a study to produce a bias-free, trustworthy answers to questions
A study to answer questions a bout nursing practice
17
ethics is the study of right and wrong
True
False
18
The goal/primary objective of nursing research is to generate new knowledge to inform the practice of nursing.
False
True
19
what is peer-reviewed?
reseacher in which fellow peers review the study's rationale, design
credentials or professional status, adds legitimacy findings reported.
provided by "blinded" reviewers who are unaware of the author's name.
methodology, results and conclusions
these works have been subjected to critical assessment
20
What is the role of a staff nurse related to nursing research ?
Recruit patients for studies
Collect data from participants
Ensure the research protocol is followed accurately
Advocate for the implementation of EBPs
derived from research findings within clinical settings
Identify potential research questions based on direct PT care experience .
21
what is PICOT method?
C- compatison of interest, O--outcome, T-- type of question or study
P-patient population of interest, I- intervention of interest
22
what is quantitative studies
influences whether a given action results in a desired outcome
focus on numbers statisstical data analysis
and value of interventions
use as evidence for the effectiveness, efficiency,
23
Cross sectional
Data collected at a certain pointin time. no follow up
Example: single phenomenaacross multiple populations at a certain time
24
what is a vulnerable population in reseach?
who cannot participate fully in the consent process.
such groups may include children, individuals with cognitive disorders,
groups of people with diminished autonomy
prisoners and pregnant women
25
The first step of EBP is to formulate a well-defined clinical question
True
False
26
Variable means a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way
False
True
27
Research guidelines involving animals(3 R's)
Reduce the number of animals used in experiments
replace animal subjects with no animal alternatives when feasible
Refine experimental procedures to minimize pain and suffering
28
justice is fair treatment and fairness in distribution of benefit and burden
False
True
29
Nuremburg code (1947) Mandated voluntary consent for experimental studies of humans
True
False
30
Sampling in Survey Designs Challenges
Response rate
Recruitment
Usable response rate
31
what is 3 components of informed consent?
compentency of the patient(or surrogate)to make discision
voluntary nature od the decision
disclosure of information,
32
what is retrospective studies?
example -- chart review
originally collected for a purpose other than the current research.
about events that have already happened. such secondary data were
studies conducted using data that have already been collected
33
who is principal investigator
the head of investigation
responsible for creating the study protocol, following the study protocol.
analyzing study data, and reporting the study findings
a reseacher, lead the clinical research team.
34
What is problem statements?
statements of the gap btw what is know and unknown
Focus the research process on a known nursing practice problem
Articulate the area of concern, provide support for extent of the problem.
35
What are characteristics of the most credible nursing studies?
Riforous reseach design, robust data collection methods,
appropriate sampling techniques, ethical considerations clear dataanalysis,
a focus on clinically relevant questions that directly impact patient care
peer-reviewed publication in repitable jornals
36
informed consent means?
verbal dialigue, presentation of written materials, questions and answers,
a process of information exchange than includes recruitment materials,
disclosure of information
ab ab agreement documented by signature.
37
Descriptive variables means?
Not part of cause and effect, Nit manipulated by the researcher
Characteristics that describe the sample
Acharacteristic of phenomenon under study: Demographic, Perceptual measure;
38
what is beneficence ?
ability to make informed decisions
decisions respected, be protected from harm
and have steps taken to ensure their well being
fair treatment
39
Nuremberg trials
a series of court proceedings held in nuremberg, germany, after wwII
crimes against humanity
Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war
40
Health info kept confidential, released only authorized individuals, have info body shielded from public view is HIPPA
True
False
41
Qualitative studies
and values of the patient and practitioner
use as evidence in determining the preference
influences compliance and acceptability of treatment
(focus on text/ narrative from respondents)
42
what is sampling strategy?
to collect sufficient, appropriate data for a study
that provides a valid representation of the system being studied
43
How do you prevent bias in research?
solid design is the best way to control the threat
that bias presents to the overall credibility of the study.
44
autonomy is the right-derermination and the ability to make informed decisions?
True
False
45
Primary Source is ?
such as apeer reviewed research journalor scholarly book.
Reports of original research authored by the researcher
and published ina scholarly source
46
what is the scientific method?
identify problem
test your hypothesis by doing an experiment
construct a hypothesis
analyze your data and draw a conclusion
asking a question
diagnosis the diseases
47
Independence is ?
of one subject has no influence on selection of other subjects
A condition that occurs when the selection
i.e. each member of the population has sex actly
the same chance of being in the sample.
48
Positive relationship btw two variables means both variables increase or decrease together
True
False
49
Randomization means
is employed to select a sample from a population
Statistical process in which a random mechanism
or assign subjects to different group
50
what is alternatives to animal testing
interactive computer simulations
use of lifelike manikins
use of cadavers
51
variables in experimental- type research
independent variable
extraneous variable
dependent variable
52
Dependent Variable is the outcome factor; the variable that may change in responde to manipulations of it
True
False
53
What is mixed reseach methods?
Provides richer understanding of the results;
Encourages interdisciplinary research;
combination of meaning and control needed;
Speeds up process of translating research into practice
54
Paradigm in nursing research
critcism
prediction
Way of viewing the nature of reality and the basis of knowledge
overall belief system
55
what is principlism?
groups include children, individuals with cognitive disorders
provide protection for human research participants through review
an established approach inbiomedical ethics, based on a set of values.
medical professionals can reger to in the case of confusion or conflict
56
What types of studies to include in a strong literature review?
Randomized controlled trials(RCTs), cohort studyies, case- control studies,
Peer-reviewed, scholarly articles from repurable journals,
Qualitative research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses
57
What is secondary source
systematic reciews, meta-analyses,
Summaries and/or comments of multiple research studies on one topic,
meta-synthesis-based on secondary authorsinterpretation of the primarywork
58
what is Sampling in Quantitative Studies
Independence - Each subject selection is an independent event.
Essential criteria: Randomness -
Probability sampling: Also called random sampling
Each member of an available population an equal probability being selected
59
what is selection bias?
or random assignment to groups
occurs when individuals are selected
threatens validity of the study;
or assigned to groups in nonimpartial ways
primarily controlled through: random sampling of population
60
Independent Variable means applied to the experimental situation the "cause" in a cause and effect relationship?
True
False
61
Reciewing literature critically
allows reseachers to thoroughly evaluate existing knowledge on a topic,
avoiding unnecessary duplication of efforts
and ultimately ensure that new research builds upon a solid foundation
and contributing meaningfully to the field by addressing unexplored areas
identify gaps in reseach, assess the quality of previous studies
