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Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Thinking, Language, Testing/Intelligence 2025 Flashcards | StudBud
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Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Thinking, Language, Testing/Intelligence 2025
Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Thinking, Language, Testing/Intelligence 2025
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1
What is the capacity of short-term memory?
12 +/- 3
20 +/- 4
7 +/- 2
3 +/- 1
2
By the time infants are 10 months old,
their babbling reflects the features of the home language.
their babbling is universal across all cultures.
they can speak full sentences.
they are putting 2 words together.
3
What kind of processing do you use when you study info - you work at it and pay attention.
redundant
effortful
meaningful
deliberate
4
What are the changes in our nervous system that enhance memory storage?
long-term potentiation
automatic processing
next-in-line effect
dendrite growth
5
Define Fixed Mindset
When people believe that their basic qualities cannot be changed
Not able to be done
Something you accept as true
The belief that intelligence can be developed.
6
What kind of test is the AP exam?
Aggregate
Achievement
Aptitutide
Valid
7
Essay tests measure ___ & multiple choice tests measure ___.
recognition; recall
retrieval; encoding
recall; recognition
long-term memory; short term memory
8
The USA went to war with Iraq on the false belief it had weapons of mass destruction . This is an example of...
heuristics
confirmation bias
fixation
ignorance
9
As we age, what tends to increase?
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
convergent thinking
divergent thinking
10
Howard Gardner believes the old intelligence tests are limited and should be defined:
with a triarchic factor
as a measure of emotion
in terms of multiple factors
within the context of a particular culture
11
What is a critical period?
the age where children start learning language
the age a child will be most receptive to learn language
the age where children stop learning language
the age where a child is most vulnerable to illness
12
In working memory, what does the phonological loop do?
trying to remember info that was previously learned
vivid remembering of past learnings (processed through our hippocampus)
processing verbal and auditory info
processing visual and spatial info
13
Misinformation Effect
The retention of encoded information overtime
Incorporating misleading infor into one's memory of an event
The loss of memory
Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of new info
14
Jamie remembered something from a dream she believed really happened. What is this an ex. of?
encoding
repression
eyewitness testimony
source amnesia
15
Ms. Rengel had to change her password in December. At the end of January, she sometimes still types the old password.
Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference
Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
16
Politicians label a military action as a "preemptive strike" NOT "invasion." Example of...
framing
lying
reverse psychology
confirmation bias
17
Students wanting to improve tests scores should
spend 5 minutes every day imaging themselves studying.
spend 5 minutes every day imaging themselves getting an A.
think more often.
cram the night before each test.
18
What part of the brain is important for new, explicit memories?
hippocampus
hypothalamus
cerebellum
basal ganglia
19
Why do we recall more sad events when we are currently sad?
mood-congruent memory
melancholic memory
iconic memory
flashbulb memory
20
We can remember how to do something but can't consciously explain it. What type of memory?
implicit
episodic
declarative
explicit
21
Not remembering all the details of a common penny is an example of ____ failure.
encoding
misinformation
state-dependent
recall
22
The tendency to approach a problem in a certain way especially one that worked in the past.
algorithm
mental set
prototype
heuristics
23
Mary was out of coffee filters. She didn't think to use a paper towel. What is this an example of?
availability heuristic
framing
algorithm
functional fixedness
24
Learning something new makes recall of previously learned info more difficult is an example of?
retroactive interference
misinformation effect
proactive interference
persistence
25
Anterograde Amnesia is...?
Inability to retrieve encoded information.
Damage to Frontal Lobe
Inability to recall old memories after amnesia occurs.
Inability to create new memories after amnesia occurred.
26
When a measurement yields the same results each time it is used, it has a high
reliability
correlation
validity
standardization
27
What will determine whether you take the WAIS or the WISC?
your age
your reading ability
the training of the administrator
your primary language
28
What is the brief visual memory that is like a snapshot that lasts for less than a second?
echoic
iconic
short-term
working
29
When solving a math problem in your head, you hold the information
here
while you calculate.
rehearsal memory
conscious memory
iconic memory
working memory
30
Asked to spell "shop" then asked "what do you do at a green light?" most answer stop. Why?
working retriveal
chunking
tip-of-the tongue phenomenon
priming
31
The finding that women scored higher on math tests when no males were present supports
stereotype threat
gender bias
physical attraction
self-fulfilling prophecy
32
What are the 3 stages of the multi-store model of memory in the correct order?
sensory, short-term, long-term
flashbulb, working, long-term
visual, short-term, long-term
working, short-term, long-term
33
Which of the following is not helpful when encoding new information?
distributed practice
massed practice
self-reference effect
semantic encoding
34
According to the self-reference effect, we remember information when
we have been directly accused of something.
someone told us directly.
we saw the event first-hand.
information holds personal meaning.
35
Brain scans of those with higher intelligence show
less energy required to solve problems than average people.
more gray matter & less white matter than average people.
smaller frontal lobes than average people.
greater fluid intelligence than average people.
36
As adopted children grow up, their intelligence
is much more like their adoptive parents
varies according to their environment
is much more like their biological parents
is much more like their adoptive siblings
37
The smallest unit of language that carries meaning.
morpheme
telegraphic speech
babble
phoneme
38
What does deep processing involve?
visual encoding
semantic encoding
acoustic encoding
iconic encoding
39
What is the driving portion of the driver's test to issue a license?
aptitude test
reliability test
achievement test
predictive validity test
40
Learning info when drunk. Can't remember when sober, but remembering again when drunk.
flashbulb memory
spacing effect
context-dependent memory
state-dependent memory.
41
Thinking without language
can improve our performance on the basketball court.
occurs more often in cultures without language.
is not possible.
is found only in animals.
42
"1 is a bun, 2 is a shoe" is a _____ device called a ____ system.
working memory; spacing effect
priming; semantic encoding
semantic; chunking
mnemonic; peg-word
43
In the traditional formula, if a 10 year old has a mental age of 12, what is her IQ?
100
120
90
110
44
The best way to find information stored in memory is to use
iconic memory
retrieval cues
explicit memory
auditory processing
45
Asian students outperform North American students in math achievement tests because
Asian students spend much more time studying math.
American students watch too much TV.
Asians are genetically superior at math.
American students have more important things to do.
46
Successful people who have intelligence and grit, demonstrate the importance of ability and
heritability
aptitude
motivation
validity
47
What is the best way to study for a test?
The night before the test, so it is fresh in your mind.
Audio tape the info and replay in your sleep
Rehearse repeatedly the night before.
Spread the studying across many days
48
Spearman believed there was an overall factor underlying intelligence called
a - achievement
g - grit
g - growth mindset
g - general intelligence
49
Working Memory is another term for...
Sensory Memory
Your Mother
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
50
Flynn Effect
the rise in intelligence test performance over time and across cultures
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly
the theory that our intelligence is on g and special abilities
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
51
The serial position effect describes our tendency to
remember things when in numerical order
remember what we had for breakfast
remember first & last items of a list best
remember 1st items of a list more than last items
52
What is Retrograde Amnesia?
Inability to create new memories after amnesia occurred.
Inability to direct attention and focus on relevant information
Inability to retrieve encoded information.
Inability to recall old memories after amnesia occurs.
53
In English - adjective then noun. In Spanish - noun then adjective.
morphemes
grammar
semantics
syntax
54
What is the bell-shaped pattern that standardized tests should follow?
average distrbution
correlational distribution
normal curve
scatterplot
55
Convergent Thinking
Thinking in a variety of ways to solve problems
When a child is performing like an older child
Coming up with one right answer or way to do a task
The act or process of knowing
56
Central executive
Continuing to do something because you've already spent time or money on it
Making a guess about something based on how much it seems like a typical ex
The part of your brain that helps you pay attention and remember things
When your brain automatically remembers things,
57
Even though the link has been disproven, many do not vaccinate for fear it causes autism. Why?
Functional fixedness
Belief Perseverance
Representativeness Heuristic
Confirmation Bias
58
Gambler's Fallacy
The allure of a big payout can cloud judgment.
Continuing to gamble to recover losses.
Remembering wins more than losses
Belief that past events affect future outcomes.
59
What is the forumula for IQ?
chronological age X mental age /100
mental age/chronological age X 100
chronological age / mental age X 100
60
What is metacognition?
Setting a purpose
Monitoring your own thinking
Playing brain games
Using study skills
61
Because the WAIS and WISC are standardized, 68% of the IQ scores are between:
85 to 115
85 to 120
95 to 105
90 to 110
62
Sunk Cost Fallacy
You don't care about what you spend on a bad meal, you will not eat it.
You continued watching a boring movie because the tickets were expensive
You extended a lease rental that was expiring due to the building location.
I will quit anything that produce dissatisfaction regardless the cost.
63
No screwdriver? Can't fix it. You don't think to use a butter knife instead. example of...
Framing
Functional Fixedness
Confirmation Bias
Belief Bias
64
Gambling is perpetuated partly because we can easily remember the times we won. Example of...
availability heuristic
prototypes
false memory
source amnesia
65
What is making info meaningful so that we can store it in memory?
sensory memory
encoding
construction
flashbulb
66
Which is growth mindset?
I hate when I'm corrected.
Feedback helps me improve.
