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Duplicate of Full AP Exam Review
Duplicate of Full AP Exam Review
100 terms
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
2
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
3
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
cognitive
humanistic
behavioral
4
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
state-dependent learning
5
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
6
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
perception
processing
sensation
7
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
predictability
consistency
representativeness
8
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
9
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
compensation
fixation
displacement
10
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
11
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
intelligence
reasoning
creativity
12
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
13
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
14
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
observational learning
15
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
social scripts
parental investments
display rules
16
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
heroin
mescaline
cocaine
17
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
18
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
19
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
20
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
IQ
mental age
a potential score
21
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender differences
gender stereotypes
gender roles
22
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
a personality test
23
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
mood
personality
anxiety
24
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
25
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
26
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
recall
relearning
recognition
27
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
conservation
centration
reversibility
28
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
29
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
fluid
crystallized
procedural
30
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
31
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
32
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
sequential
time of testing
longitundinal
33
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
34
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
stereotypes
self-serving bias
prejudices
35
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
phonemes
syntax
36
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
37
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
38
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
39
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial storage
40
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
conformity
deindividuation
group polarization
41
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
42
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
intelligence
mentalism
cognition
43
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
medulla
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
44
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
obedience
groupthink
conformity
45
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
46
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
standardized validity
47
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
48
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
49
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
percentiles
standard deviation
means
50
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
surprise
fear
51
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
tie shoe laces
sing a song
fear the dark
52
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
conventional
preconventional
concrete
53
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
encoded
modeled
retrieved
54
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
temperament
behavioral quality
personality
55
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
bipolar
unipolar
dissociative
56
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
57
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
physiological stability
58
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
59
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
escape learning
an unconditioned response
60
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
61
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
62
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
63
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
platonic
morphemic
mnemonic
64
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
light
salivation
food/meat powder
65
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
66
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
67
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
individualism
collectivism
attributionism
68
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
selection
shaping
69
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
drive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
70
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
a sedative
an amphetamine
71
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
72
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
73
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
74
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
fear reaction
rabbit
rat
75
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
76
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test levels
test scales
test norms
77
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
78
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
79
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
80
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
observational learning
punishment
operant conditioning
81
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
82
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
83
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
84
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
a projective test
85
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
conflict
pressure
change
86
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
chunk
schema
semantic network
87
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
criterion-related
content
absolute
88
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
89
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
latency
genital
anal
90
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an external attribution
an internal attribution
91
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
schematizing
92
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
93
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
94
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
95
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
long-term
short-term
sensory
96
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a compulsion
a delusion
an obsession
97
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
latent learning
classical conditioning
insight learning
98
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
tree-bird
99
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
teratogens
pathogens
opiates
100
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
