When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...

an avoidance-avoidance conflict

Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...

a variety of environmental factors

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..

are using the availability heuristic

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...

you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression

A perceptual set implies that...

people often see what they expect to see

how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

What is cognitive dissonance?

a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions

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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
median
mode
midpoint
2
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
the unconscious
3
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
pathogens
teratogens
opiates
4
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
mentalism
introspection
cognition
5
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender differences
6
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
7
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
8
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
gonads
thyroid
thalamus
9
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
10
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
concrete
11
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
personality
anxiety
mood
12
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
13
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
stereotypes
attributions
self-serving bias
14
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
obedience
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
15
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
16
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
location of injury
thalamus
cortex
17
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
18
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
19
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
pineal gland
thalamus
20
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
William James
21
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
22
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
23
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
agonists
24
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
accuracy of inference
predictability
representativeness
25
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
extinction
unconditioning
26
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
27
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
28
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
marital problems
29
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
30
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
beta
delta
gamma
31
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
platonic
phonemic
morphemic
32
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
group polarization
deindividuation
social loafing
33
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
delusions
illusions
obsessions
34
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
35
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
36
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
avoidance
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
37
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
cultural direction
schematizing
38
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
medulla
cerebral cortex
39
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
musical
spatial
mechanical
40
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
ESB
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
41
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
42
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
43
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a sedative
a narcotic
an amphetamine
44
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
45
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
marijuana
46
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
47
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
48
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
sciatic receptors
smell buds
49
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
50
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
51
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
52
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
crystallized
fluid
episodic
53
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
54
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
similiarity
constancy
closure
55
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
56
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
medulla
57
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
58
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
direct observation
physiological recordings
psychological tests
59
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
personality
temperament
attachment
60
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
61
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
62
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
63
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
64
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
conservation
centration
reversibility
egocentrism
65
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
behaviorism
functionalism
66
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
67
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
hypnosis
sensation
perception
68
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
sadness
fear
happiness
69
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
70
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
cyclical
dissociative
unipolar
71
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
stirrup
oval window
temporal lobe
72
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
73
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
74
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
75
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
76
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
77
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
78
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
79
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
a headache
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
80
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
limbic system
reticular formation
cerebellum
81
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
82
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
83
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
cannabis
84
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
perception
sensation
processing
85
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
displacement
regression
compensation
86
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
87
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scores
test scales
test norms
88
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
IQ
89
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
cross-sectional
longitundinal
sequential
90
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the observational group
the control group
the experimental group
91
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
sensory
short-term
long-term
92
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
93
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
amount of time awake
94
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
95
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
96
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recall
reiteration
recognition
97
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rat
fear reaction
rabbit
98
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
change
frustration
pressure
99
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
criterion-related
absolute
construct
content
100
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
hallucinations
101
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
light purity
brightness
color
102
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
103
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
insomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
104
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
social scripts
parental investments
investment differentiations
105
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
food/meat powder
salivation
tone
106
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
107
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
fugue
108
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
109
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
an obsession
a compulsion
a delusion
110
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
111
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
112
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
print letters
sing a song
113
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
classical conditioning
insight learning
operant conditioning
114
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
115
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
116
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
social charm
117
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
118
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
drive theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
119
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
120
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
121
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
means
122
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
123
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
cornea
vitreous humor
iris
124
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
boat-goat
tree-bird
fill-feed
125
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
observational learning
126
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
modeled
retrieved
encoded
127
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
128
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
punishment
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
129
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
attributionism
functionalism
collectivism
130
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
131
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 4
stage 1
REM
132
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
133
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
134
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
conscious experience
behavior
the unconscious
135
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
escape learning
avoidance learning
136
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
137
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
a personality test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
138
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
139
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
140
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
141
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
142
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
143
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
logical reasoning
abstract operations
144
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
content validity
145
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a projective test
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
146
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
latency
anal
oral
147
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
creativity
insight
reasoning
148
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
chunk
semantic network
149
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
150
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
pitch
loudness
timbre

Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud