Lifespan Chapter 3

Organismic theory summarized by the concept of a hierarchy of needs

Becomes part of a larger picture vs believes life is meaningless

Awakening of sexuality was known as the genital stage

Learn that needs will be met vs fearful towards others

Social learning theorist best known for the concept of modeling

Organismic: people act on environment & can change it. Mechanistic: Environment rather than person initiates behavior

Rules followed to gain respect of others. maintain social status

Belief that life was worth living vs regret for what one has done or not done

Ainsworth and Bowlby say there are 3 categories of attachment: Secure, avoidant, ambivalent

Addresses changes that are attributed proportionately more to maturation than to environmental experience

Begins to make or construct things in play vs belief that thoughts and actions are wrong

Father of psychoanalysis developed concepts, id, ego, superego; one of the originators of psychological intervention

Open loop theory argues that a motor response schema exists, consisting of a set of rules directing movement

Entering school; child is very proud of accomplishments vs consistent failure

Reinforcment is the consequence to an action that modifies the likelihood of the action being repeated

Was specifically concerned with the development of higher-level behaviors of morality and social consciousness

Gesells laws of developmental direction were

Recursiveness (de-automization) as acquired skill is adapted to new situations

Theory implies that rules for anticipating behavior are consistent across the lifespan

Secure-sad when mom leaves, happy when back, avoidant-avoid when back, ambivalent-alternate between aggression &comfort

When theoretic material is organized and functionally translated into practice, it becomes

Theorist who studied perceptual development, perceptual learning was learning how 2 pay attention

Theory says individuals are distinct and may differ from one another based on a characteristic

Behaviorism covers all domains of behavior

Collection of inborn differences among individuals that is closely associated with personality

feedback and coaching are very helpful in improving motor skill

Modeling says children learn by watching and do not need to be directly reinforced

uses principles of antecedent, consequence, and reinforcement to manage desirable and undesirable behaviors

Theories- specific type of learning and therapeutic intervention following an injury direted toward a motor solution

Forms intimate relationships w friends, family vs inability to form meaningful relationships

A social contract is an understanding of generally agreed upon rights

Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

Movement proceeds automatically

Process that enables learning to occur from repeatedly pairing some neutral stimulus with one that evokes a response

Developed the strange situation experimental paradigm, classified modes of attachment behavior

First American behavioralist viewed the stimulus-response relationships the essential one between organism & environment

Theory of cognitive development, which has charted the path toward understanding how people come to know what they know

Theorist known for study of motor development, including johnny and jimmy twin study, assess nature vs nurture

Represents intellectual activities and logical thought

cognitive stage is verbal rehearsal, where individuals recite the steps of a task

Social learning theorist that said a child imitates the mother because this is reinforcing

Motor skill development based on sensory feedback loop

Importance of peer relationships vs inability to identify roles, establish a self identity

Moral principles transcend society structure

Developed principles of reinforcement as ways to study and control behavior

Piaget functional variant that is the tendency for integration of parts to a higher order

adult behavior could be found in the past

Erikson addressed the sociocultural influences on development

Hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety/security, love/belonging, self esteem, self actualization

Freud &neo-Freudians were basically pursuing psychology motivation to answer what drives people to act the way they do

Theory that holds that different rules apply at different points in an individuals life

Bowlby's belief intimate&continuous relationship w the mom was necessary for kid to develop normal emotional attachments

Empiricist school did NOT believe that formation of associations btwn various sensations is the foundation of perception

One of the true lifespan theorists;developmental stages to a series of life tasks, or crises that need to be resolved

Freuds 3 stages: oral-feeding, anal-toileting, phallic-awareness of sexual differences

Chess & Thomas developed a classic system for describing and categorizing temperament

Motor behavior is any performance of movement that can be observed or documented

Changing of function in accordance with the environment Child calling cow "big dog"

Dimensions of temperament

Theory usually formed 2 explain observations that are considered fact, cuz theory itself is not fact it can be disproved

Sensitive period is the time when an organism is most receptive to learning a certain behavior

Rules followed to gain personal benefit

Rules obeyed to avoid punishment

Reductionist: behavior is the sum of smaller behaviors. Nonreductionist: behavior as a total that cant be broken down

Reflects a historical perspective regarding the amount of influence genetics has on behavior vs the role of environment

Vygotsky used this term to refer to a child being nearly prepared to comprehend or perform a task with minimal support

Differentiation of self wishes from others vs insecurity, dependency

Represents the conscious and awareness of right and wrong

Nativist school believed genetic predisposition and innate abilities explained perception

The need to become all that one can be

Pioneer in the study of child development, strong supporter of the maturationist or nature school, developmental norms

Quantitative theory sees development as primarily the acquisition of a number of skills

Freud viewed dreams as a reflection of unconscious mental processes & used dream interpretation in psychoanalysis

Theorist who studied cognitive development with an emphasis on sociocultural influence

Watson known for little Albert experiment where he conditioned a baby to be scared of a white rat

Type of behavioral conditioning in which the behavioral response is strengthened in the presence of reinforcers

The process of changing elements of the environment so they can be incorporated into an organism's structure

Ladder to success: model(all teacher), Guide (mostly teacher), gradual release(mostly student), Independent(all student)

Gibson did the visual cliff study

Documented how hungry dogs could be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell

Basic biological need to permit functioning in a given environment

Kohlbergs levels of moral thinking: pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

Believe biologic&social bases 2 learning Emphasized school as tool 2 social progress Major influence on education system

3 stages of motor learning are cognitive, associative, autonomous

Psychiatrist who observed that family experience was related to emotional well being, effects of mother-child separation

Watson said if he was given 12 healthy infants by controlling environment he could train them to succeed in any career

A schema refers to a class of similar sequences of action or mental representations that are related

Represents the most basic instincts and drives

Freuds conflict between destructive and loving instincts was libido