What are the clinical implications of the systems theory?

Stresses the importance of understanding the body as a mechanical system, Focusing on the effect of interacting impairments among multiple systems

Motor control occurs in what three stages

Stimulus identfication; response selection; response programming

What are the limitations of the ecological theory?

Research emphasis shifted from nervous system to organism/environment

What are the limitations of the hierarchical system?

Can't assume bottom-up control = bad/maladaptive, & top-down= good/adaptive

Within the task, what systems interact to form mvmt?

Mobility, postural control, & UE function

What are the clinical implications of the motor programming theory?

Retrain mvmts important to func. tasks, not just reeducating specific mm, Importance of helping pts relearn the correct rules for mvmt

What are the clinical implications of the hierarchical theory?

Using the concept of abnormalities of reflex org to explain disordered mvmt

The nature of movement primarily involves which of the following?

Task, individual, & environment

What are the limitations of the systems theory?

Difficult to apply this mathematical, mechanistic model to clinical pract.

What are the limitations of the motor programming theory?

Not intended to replace the importance of sensory input in control of mvmt, A central motor program cannot be considered the sole determinant of mvmt

Definition of motor learning reflects four concepts. Which of the following include these?

Learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior

What are the limitations of the reflex theory?

Doesn't predict/explain mvmt that occurs in the absence of a sensory stim.

What are the limitations of the hierarchical system?

Cannot explain dominance of reflex behavior

What are the clinical implications of the ecological theory?

Allows the individual to develop multiple ways to accomplish a task, Help the patient explore the possibilities for achieving goal of func. task

Motor memory (procedural memory) includes information on which of the following:

specific mvmt performance parameters; outcome of the movement, Initial mvmt conditions; sesnory parameters

Which of the following are serial tasks?

Piano playing, buttoning a blouse, gymnastics routine

_ & _ processes play critical role in learning of new motor skills - important in ongoing maintenance of posture & bal.

Feedback (closed-loop) & Feedforward (open-loop)

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Answers

1
Motor programs provide the generalized code for motor events (schema)
False
True
2
Example: Basic order of the stepping cycle
Invariant characteristics
Coordinative structures
Schemas
Parameters
3
What are the clinical implications of the systems theory?
Retrain mvmts important to func. tasks, not just reeducating specific mm
Stresses the importance of understanding the body as a mechanical system
Clinical strategies designed to test reflexes to predict function
Focusing on the effect of interacting impairments among multiple systems
4
Motor control occurs in what three stages
Stimulus identfication; response selection; response programming
Stimulus identification; feedback; motor output
Feedforward; feedback; movement output
Feedforward; feedback; motor output
5
What are the limitations of the ecological theory?
Doesn't account for CNS accounting for MSK & environmental variables
Not intended to replace the importance of sensory input in control of mvmt
Assumes that all movement comes from a reflex
Research emphasis shifted from nervous system to organism/environment
6
Concept of _ modified to reflect the flexible, adaptive nature of _ rather than fixed stereotypical patterns of activity
Self-organization
Nonlinear behavior
Degrees of freedom
Synergies
7
The study of the acquisition &/or modification of skillec actions
Closed movement task
Open movement task
Motor learning
Motor control
8
Synergies aren't used by N.S. to eliminate redundant d.o.f., but to ensure flexible and stable performance of motor task
Priniciple of abundance
Degrees of freedom
Nonlinear behavior
Variability
9
Too little variability can lead to ___.
Decreased cognition
Impaired movement performance
Injury
Coordinated movement
10
Changeable features that ensure flexibility of motor programs & variations in mvmts from one performance to the next
Coordinative structures
Schemas
Invariant characteristics
Parameters
11
What are the limitations of the hierarchical system?
Not intended to replace the importance of sensory input in control of mvmt
Can't assume bottom-up control = bad/maladaptive, & top-down= good/adaptive
Assumes that all movement comes from a reflex
A signle central motor program doesn't explain all types of mvmts
12
Within the task, what systems interact to form mvmt?
Motor action, sensory/perceptual, & cognitive
Mobility, postural control, & UE function
Regulatory and non-regulatory
13
Background noise, distractions, & lighting level are examples of?
Nonregulatory features
Regulatory features
14
What are the clinical implications of the motor programming theory?
Clinical strategies designed to test reflexes to predict function
Retrain mvmts important to func. tasks, not just reeducating specific mm
Using the concept of abnormalities of reflex org to explain disordered mvmt
Importance of helping pts relearn the correct rules for mvmt
15
What are the clinical implications of the hierarchical theory?
Focusing on the effect of interacting impairments among multiple systems
Using the concept of abnormalities of reflex org to explain disordered mvmt
Help patients relearn the correct rules for action
Clinical strategies designed to test reflexes to predict function
16
The nature of movement primarily involves which of the following?
Task, difficulty of task, & individual
Individual, motor action, sensory
Environment, discrete tasks, cognitive
Task, individual, & environment
17
What type of task is has a recognizable beginning & end (such as kicking a ball, lying down, going from sit-to-stand)?
Open movement tasks
Continuous tasks
Discrete tasks
Closed movement tasks
18
Systems theory de-emphasizes the role of variability in control of mvmt - it is not a result of performance error
True
False
19
What are the limitations of the systems theory?
Assumes that all movement comes from a reflex
Doesn't account for CNS accounting for MSK & environmental variables
Not intended to replace the importance of sensory input in control of mvmt
Difficult to apply this mathematical, mechanistic model to clinical pract.
20
What are the limitations of the motor programming theory?
Not intended to replace the importance of sensory input in control of mvmt
A central motor program cannot be considered the sole determinant of mvmt
Assumes that all movement comes from a reflex
Cannot explain dominance of reflex behavior
21
More often, synergies are combined to produce an appropriate sequence of muscle actions required for func. tasks
True
False
22
Definition of motor learning reflects four concepts. Which of the following include these?
Learning can be measured directly
Learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior
Learning is a process of maintaining behaviors
Learning results from inaction
23
Theory who's current view is that each level of the nervous system can act on other levels (higher or lower)
Motor programming
Reflex
Motor learning
Hierarchical
24
What are the limitations of the reflex theory?
A signle central motor program doesn't explain all types of mvmts
Not intended to replace the importance of sensory input in control of mvmt
Doesn't predict/explain mvmt that occurs in the absence of a sensory stim.
Cannot explain dominance of reflex behavior
25
An area of study dealing with the understanding of the neural, physical, & behavioral aspects of biological mvmt
The task
Motor learning
Motor control
The individual
26
Features that shape movement or determine the movement
Stable
Regulatory
Mobile
Non-regulatory
27
Within the envrionment, what systems interact to form mvmt?
Motor action, sensory/perceptual, & cognitive
Mobility, postural control, & UE function
Regulatory and non-regulatory
28
Control of synergies is flexible w/ the __ acting to generate the appropriate sequence of precise force, timing, & direc
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Cerebrum
Basal ganglia
29
_:a relatively permanent change, is different than _:a temporary change in motor behavior seen during practice sessions
Acquisition; practice
Learning; performance
Control; perfromance
Plan; program
30
Employs feedback and a reference for correctness to calculate error and initiate subsequent corrections
Closed-loop system (feedback)
Regulatory
Non-regulatory
Open-loop system (feedforward)
31
What type of task requires adapting movement strategies to constantly changing & unpredictable environments?
Closed movement tasks
Discrete tasks
Open movement tasks
Continuous tasks
32
Systems theory de-emphasizes the role of CNS commands controlling mvmt
False
True
33
What are the limitations of the hierarchical system?
Cannot explain dominance of reflex behavior
Not intended to replace the importance of sensory input in control of mvmt
Assumes that all movement comes from a reflex
A signle central motor program doesn't explain all types of mvmts
34
Too much variability leads to ___.
Coordinated movement
Impaired movement performance
Decreased cognition
Injury
35
What are the clinical implications of the ecological theory?
Allows the individual to develop multiple ways to accomplish a task
Retrain mvmts important to func. tasks, not just reeducating specific mm
Help the patient explore the possibilities for achieving goal of func. task
Focusing on the effect of interacting impairments among multiple systems
36
Example: Speed
Parameters
Coordinative structures
Schemas
Invariant characteristics
37
An abstract representation that, when initiated, results in the production of a coordinated movement sequence
Motor plan
Motor control
Motor memory
Motor program
38
Theory that believed complex behavior could be explained by the combined action of individual reflexes chained together
Reflex theory
Hierarchical theory
Motor programmingl theory
Systems theory
39
Theory that is a more flexible concept than a reflex; says mvmt can be activated by sensory stimuli or central processes
Reflex theory
Systems theory
Motor programming theory
Hierarchical theory
40
Motor memory (procedural memory) includes information on which of the following:
specific mvmt performance parameters; outcome of the movement
Initial mvmt conditions; sesnory parameters
Reflexes; Sensory input
Central motor programs; abnormal or disordered motor control
41
There is learning without attention & memory
True
False
42
Which theory hypothesized that hierarchical control exists to simplify the control of the body's multiple d.o.f.?
Motor programming theory
Hierarchical theory
Systems theory
Ecological theory
43
Which of the following are serial tasks?
Piano playing, buttoning a blouse, gymnastics routine
Going from sit-to-stand
Kicking a ball. throwing a ball
Running, walking
44
The ecological theory began focusing on how actions require perceptual information that is specific to a goal
True
False
45
An area of study dealing with the understanding of the neural, physical, & behavioral aspects of biological movement
Motor plan
Motor learning
Motor control
Motor program
46
Systems theory stresses the importance of the whole body as a mechanical system w/ many ___.
Nonlinear behavior
Self-organization
Degrees of freedom
Synergies
47
_ & _ processes play critical role in learning of new motor skills - important in ongoing maintenance of posture & bal.
Serial & parallel
Regulatory & non-regulatory
Motor control & motor learning
Feedback (closed-loop) & Feedforward (open-loop)
48
Theory that believes when stimulus is removed, you can still have a patterned motor response
Motor programming theory
Systems theory
Reflex theory
Hierarchical theory
49
Focuses on understanding the acquisition and/or modification of skilled actions
Motor learning
Motor control
Motor program
Motor plan
50
Relevant stimuli about current body state, movement, & environment are identified (first stage of motor control)
Movement output
Stimulus identification
Response selection
Response programming
51
The D.O.F. problem is solved through _. _ emerges from the interaction of elements and does not require central commands
Nonlinear behavior
Degrees of freedom
Self-organization
Synergies
52
Which system is neuromusc. & biomechanical systems, & multiple equivalent solutions (degrees of freedom prob) apart of?
Individual - Cognitive
Individual - Sensory/perceptual
Task - mobility
Individual - motor/action
53
Involves sending signals in advance of mvmt to prepare system for incoming sensory feedback or for anticipatory adjust.
Feedback control
Feedforward control
54
Explanations for disordered mot. cont. have been expanded beyond reflexes to include CPGs or higher lvl motor programs
Clinical implications of the hierarchical theory
Clinical implications of the systems theory
Clinical implications of the motor programming theory
Clinical implications of reflex theory
55
Impairments in any of the systems that interact can significantly alter the quality of the mvmt produced
True
False
56
Generalized motor programs: higher-level motor programs that are abstract rules or code for coordinated actions
Motor program
Motor memory
Motor control
Motor plan
57
What are the limitations of the motor programming theory?
Cannot explain dominance of reflex behavior
Doesn't account that CNS must deal w/ both MSK & environmental variables
Assumes that all movement comes from a reflex
Can't assume bottom-up control = bad/maladaptive, & top-down= good/adaptive
58
The study of the acquisition &/or modification of skilled actions
Motor control
Motor learning
Motor program
Motor plan
59
Where the plan for movement is developed?
Movement output
Stimulus identification
Response selection
Response programming
60
What are the clinical implications of the ecological theory?
Stresses the importance of understanding the body as a mechanical system
Retrain mvmts important to func. tasks, not just reeducating specific mm
Focusing on the effect of interacting impairments among multiple systems
Help pts learn to perceive critical features of environment & adapt mvmt
61
What are the many systems that interact to produce coordinated movement (that do not involve the nervous system)?
Hierarchy motor control, reflexes, & D.O.F.
Reflexes, cognition, hierarchy motor control. D.O.F.
Mechanical factors, hierarchy motor control, D.O.F.
Mechanical factors of the MSK system, Cognition, & perception
62
What are the limitations of the systems theory?
Assumes that all movement comes from a reflex
Doesn't account for CNS accounting for MSK & environmental variables
Not intended to replace the importance of sensory input in control of mvmt
Can't presume nervous system is less important in determining mvmt behavior
63
What type of tasks when performed require a moving base of support (walking, running)
Stability tasks
Mobility tasks
Discrete tasks
Continuous tasks
64
Which system is planning, problem solving, memory, motivation, and emotion apart of?
Individual - Cognitive
Individual - Sensory/perceptual
Individual - motor/action
Task - mobility
65
Focuses on understanding the control of movement already acquired
Motor plan
Motor learning
Motor program
Motor control
66
Patterns of mvmt are selected to first create an appropriate background for postural control
Response selection
Response programming
Movement output
Stimulus identification
67
Theory who's central concept is that many systems interact to produce coordinated mvmt, not just the nervous system
Motor programming theory
Systems theory
Ecological theory
Hierarchical theory
68
Generalized motor programs include invariant characteristics and parameters
Motor program
Motor learning
Schema
Intermittent control hypothesis
69
Per systems theory mechanical factors of the MSK system, cognition, and perception all contribute to the quality of mvmt
False
True
70
In motor programming theory, variability is considered to be the consequence of errors in motor performance
True
False
71
Programmed instructions (mot. prog.) sent to a set of muscle synergies run essentially without influence of feedback
Closed-loop system (feedback)
Regulatory
Non-regulatory
Open-loop system (feedforward)
72
An idea or plan for purposeful mvmt that is made up of several components of motor programs
Motor memory
Motor control
Motor program
Motor plan
73
Initially thought mm belonged to _ synergy. Now believe they can belong to _ synergies & each makes a _ contribution.
three; one; original
two; one; unique
one; multiple; unique
one; multiple; original
74
Features that may affect performance, but the movement does not have to conform to it
Mobile
Non-regulatory
Stable
Regulatory
75
Definition of motor learning reflects four concepts. Which of the following include these?
Learning produces impermanent changes in behavior
Learning is a process of inaction
Learning can be measured directly
Learning results from experience & practice
76
Within the individual, what systems interact to form mvmt?
Motor action, sensory/perceptual, & cognitive
Regulatory and non-regulatory
Mobility, postural control, & UE function
77
A central pattern generator: specific neural circuit that is stereotyped and hardwired like that which generates walking
Motor plan
Motor memory
Motor program
Motor control
78
What type of task has an end-point that isn't an inherent characteristic of the task, but is decided (walking, running)?
Closed movement tasks
Open movement tasks
Discrete tasks
Continuous tasks
79
Functionally linked muscles constrained by the nervous system to act cooperatively to produce an intended mvmt
Motor plan
Coordinative structures (synergies)
Schemas
Motor program
80
What are the clinical implications of the reflex theory?
Pt's mvmt behavior determined by absence or presence of relfex control
Help patients relearn the correct rules for action
Focusing on the effect of interacting impairments among multiple systems
Clinical strategies designed to test reflexes to predict function
81
Refers to the reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury
Recovery of function
Motor learning
Motor program
Motor control
82
Theory that suggests motor control evolved so that animals could cope with the environment around them
Ecological theory
Hierarchical theory
Motor programming theory
Systems theory
83
Systems theory believes that _ of mvmt is not due to error, rather a necessary condition for optimal function.
Nonlinear behavior
Self-organization
Degrees of freedom
Variability
84
Involves the recall of motor programs or subroutines
Motor plan
Declarative memory
Motor memory (procedural memory)
Motor program
85
A _ behavior transforms into a new configuration when a single parameter of the behavior is gradually altered
Synergies
Nonlinear behavior
Degrees of freedom
Self-organization
86
Size, shape, weight of object or type of surface to be walked on are examples of what?
Regulatory features
Nonregulatory features
87
Definition of motor learning reflects four concepts. Which of the following include these?
Learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
Learning results from inaction
Learning produces impermanent changes in behavior
Learning can be measured directly
88
What type of task is performed in relatively fixed or predictable environments?
Closed movement tasks
Discrete tasks
Continuous tasks
Open movement tasks
89
Neural control centers translate & change the idea for mvmt into muscular actions defined by a motor program (final st.)
Movement output
Response programming
Response selection
Stimulus identification
90
Synergies are conscious
False
True
91
A Synergy can't act in isolation for discrete mvmt
False
True
92
Theory that says the nervous system is organized as a hierarchy - control is from the top down
Reflex theory
Hierarchical theory
Systems theory
Motor programmingl theory
93
Which system is integration of vision, vestibular, and somatosensory input apart of?
Task - mobility
Individual - Cognitive
Individual - motor/action
Individual - Sensory/perceptual
94
What type of tasks are performed with a nonmoving base of support (sitting, standing)
Stability tasks
Continuous tasks
Mobility tasks
Discrete tasks
95
Serial tasks are tasks that are continuous but with discrete components
False
True
96
Stimulus identification includes which of the following?
Ecological, ststems, motor program
Hierarchy, reflex, motor learning
Somatosensory, visual, & vesitbular inputs
Feedforward, feedback, and motor information
97
Definition of motor learning reflects four concepts. Which of the following include these?
Learning cannot be measured directly-instead it is inferred from behavior
Learning is a process of maintaining behaviors
Learning produces impermanent changes in behavior
Learning results from inaction
98
Is sensory info received during or after the mvmt used to monitor mvmt in case of need for correction
Feedforward control
Feedback control
99
The unique features of the stored code: relative force, timing, & order of components -basic rules for the mvmt category
Invariant characteristics
Coordinative structures
Parameters
Schemas
100
Synergies are learned through __.
Motor skill practice
Motor control

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